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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Oncology --- Immune Evasion --- therapy resistance --- Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- Immunotherapy --- Tumor microenvironment (TME) --- heterogeneity --- cancer plasticity --- immune checkpoint inhibitors

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Dear Colleagues, Cancer survival rates and successful organ transplantation in patients continues to increase due to improvements in early diagnosis and treatments. Since immuno-suppressive therapies are frequently used, the mortality rate due to secondary infections has become an ever-increasing problem. Opportunistic fungal infections are probably the deadliest threat to these patients due to their difficult early diagnosis, the limited effect of antifungal drugs and the appearance of resistances. In recent years, a considerable effort has been devoted to investigating the role of many virulence traits in the pathogenic outcome of fungal infections. New virulence factors (hypoxia adaptation, CO2 sensing, pH regulation, micronutrient acquisition, secondary metabolites, immunity regulators, etc.) have been reported and their molecular mechanisms of action are being thoroughly investigated. The recent application of gene-editing technologies such as CRISPr-Cas9, has opened a whole new window to the discovery of new fungal virulence factors. Accurate fungal genotyping, Next Generation Sequencing and RNAseq approaches will undoubtedly provide new clues to interpret the plethora of molecular interactions controlling these complex systems. Unraveling their intimate regulatory details will provide insights for a more target-focused search or a rational design of more specific antifungal agents. This Special Issue is show significant discoveries, proofs of concept of new theories or relevant observations in fungal pathogenesis and its regulation. Dr. Fernando Leal Guest Editor

CO2 sensing --- Micronutrient acquisition --- Biofilm formation --- Secondary metabolites and toxins --- Criptococcus --- Fungal virulence --- Immune evasion --- pH regulation --- Pneumocysits --- Aspergillus --- Regulation of antifungals resistance --- Candida --- Fusarium --- Trehalose biosynthesis --- Fungal genotyping --- Scedosporium

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This book will cover topics related to the preparation and use of heterogeneous catalytic systems for the transformation of renewable sources, as well as of materials deriving from agro-industrial wastes and by-products. At the same time, the ever-increasing importance of bioproducts, due to the acceptance and request of consumers, makes the upgrade of biomass into chemicals and materials not only an environmental issue, but also an economical advantage.

isoselenourea --- malignant --- chemotherapeutics --- epigenetics --- antitumor activity --- methylseleninic acid --- mTOR inhibitors --- tumor heterogeneity --- hypoxia --- ER stress --- melanoma --- EMT --- lipid peroxidation --- immune evasion --- hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) --- selenium-binding protein 1 --- glutathione --- DNA damage --- hSP56 --- apoptosis --- tocopherol --- anticancer --- viability --- SELENBP1 --- selenium --- clear-cell renal cell carcinoma microRNAs --- SBP1 --- entosis --- PD-L1 --- miRNA --- cancer stem cells --- cell plasticity --- disease --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- HIF --- head and neck cancer --- selenium species --- VEGF --- STAT3 --- hypoxia-inducible factor --- methylselenocysteine --- anticancer agent --- Se-containing nanoparticles --- DNA damage and repair --- radiation --- seleno-l-methionine --- cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- methylselenoesters

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Ranaviruses and other viruses within the family Iridoviridae, infect a wide range of ecologically and commercially important ectothermic vertebrates, i.e., bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles, and invertebrates, including agricultural and medical pests and cultured shrimp and crayfish, and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Understanding the impact of these various agents on diverse host species requires the combined efforts of ecologists, veterinarians, pathologists, comparative immunologists and molecular virologists. Unfortunately, investigators involved in these studies often work in discipline-specific silos that preclude interaction with others whose insights and approaches are required to comprehensively address problems related to ranavirus/iridovirus disease. Our intent here is to breakdown these silos and provide a forum where diverse researchers with a common interest in ranavirus/iridovirus biology can profitably interact. As a colleague once quipped, "Three people make a genius." We are hoping to do something along those lines by presenting a collection of research articles dealing with issues of anti-viral immunity, identification of a potentially novel viral genus exemplified by erythrocytic necrosis virus, viral inhibition of innate immunity, identification of novel hosts for lymphocystivirus and invertebrate iridoviruses, and modelling studies of ranavirus transmission. Collectively these and others will exemplify the breadth of ongoing studies focused on this virus family.

risk assessment --- n/a --- CQIV --- mathematical models --- amphibian --- iridovirus --- ISDL --- Exopalaemon carinicauda --- viral load --- virus isolation --- European chub --- outbreak --- Unconventional T cell --- early detection --- susceptible species --- viral immune evasion --- DNA virus --- Rana grylio virus --- antibody --- intracellular localization --- Rana grylio virus (RGV) --- British Columbia --- Iridoviridae --- Andrias davidianus ranavirus --- viral infection --- susceptible-infected (SI) models --- yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) --- prevalence --- host-pathogen interactions --- Pacific herring --- Procambarus clarkii --- Bayesian inference --- eDNA --- amphibians --- Artemia spp. --- ranavirosis --- cross-species transmission --- FV3 --- SHIV --- Gryllus bimaculatus --- Pacific salmon --- NF-?B --- cricket --- IIV-6 --- virus binding --- erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) --- envelope protein --- iridovirus core proteins --- emerging infection --- host --- Ranavirus --- white head --- Rana temporaria --- Imd --- biosecurity --- antiviral immunity --- Decapodiridovirus --- endemic disease --- Macrobrachium rosenbergii --- co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) --- Common frog --- aquatic animals --- virus surveillance --- immunomodulators --- frog virus 3 --- ELISA --- DIV1 --- megalocytivirus --- Lymphocystis disease virus --- bearded dragon --- susceptibility --- protein interaction --- Pogona vitticeps --- viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) --- histopathology --- epidemiology --- native-fish conservation --- viral transmission --- Sparus aurata --- immunohistochemistry --- lizard --- disease dynamics --- immunofluorescence --- transmission modelling --- Macrobrachium nipponense --- interferon --- nonclassical MHC --- heparan sulfate --- ranavirus --- Mexico