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This paper presents a comprehensive database of country-specific commodity price indices for 182 economies covering the period 1962-2018. For each country, the change in the international price of up to 45 individual commodities is weighted using commodity-level trade data. The database includes a commodity terms-of-trade index—which proxies the windfall gains and losses of income associated with changes in world prices—as well as additional country-specific series, including commodity export and import price indices. We provide indices that are constructed using, alternatively, fixed weights (based on average trade flows over several decades) and time-varying weights (which can account for time variation in the mix of commodities traded and the overall importance of commodities in economic activity). The paper also discusses the dynamics of commodity terms of trade across country groups and their influence on key macroeconomic aggregates.
Terms of trade --- Business cycles --- Prices. --- Econometric models. --- Commercial products --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Price theory --- Consumption (Economics) --- Cost --- Costs, Industrial --- Money --- Cost and standard of living --- Supply and demand --- Value --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- Competition, International --- Prices --- Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Commodity Markets --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Trade: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Investment & securities --- International economics --- Commodities --- Commodity price indexes --- Exports --- Trade balance --- International trade --- Price indexes --- Balance of trade --- United States
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The sensory properties of foods are the most important reason people eat the foods they eat. What those properties are and how we best measure those properties are critical to understanding food and eating behavior. Appearance, flavor, texture, and even the sounds of food can impart a desire to eat or cause us to dismiss the food as unappetizing, stale, or even inappropriate from a cultural standpoint. This Special Issue focuses on how sensory properties are measured, the specific sensory properties of various foods, and consumer behavior related to which properties might be most important in certain situations and how consumers use sensory attributes to make decisions about what they will eat. This Special Issue contains both research papers and review articles.
mayonnaise --- Choquet integral --- multi-attribute time-intensity (MATI) data --- foods --- fuzzy measure --- specialty food --- monosodium glutamate (MSG) --- food label --- plant breeding --- consumer test --- perception --- multi-criteria decision-making --- interaction indices --- multicollinearity --- unique food products --- sensory thresholds --- natural --- quality control --- Shapley value --- processing --- thermosensing --- willingness to pay --- esophageal cancer --- cross-cultural affective test --- carryover effects --- Prunus dulcis --- hot beverages --- sensory acceptability --- mixed models --- chicken soup --- sensory bias --- product development --- temperature --- methodological study --- relative importance of attributes to liking --- product improvement --- nonlinear models --- consumer --- lexicon --- descriptive sensory analysis --- emulsification --- ingredient --- hydroSOStainable products --- temporal drivers of liking (TDOL) --- texture --- MSG substitutes --- functional data analysis --- food --- ethnic food --- descriptive analysis --- LMG statistic --- shelf life --- sensory evaluation --- sensory --- coffee --- fruit chews --- descriptive
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This book presents cross-discipline studies covering aspects ranging from animal science to social/consumer sciences and psychology, with the aim to collect and disseminate information promoting the continuous enhancement of animal welfare by improving stakeholders’ perception of animal welfare. Although animal welfare is about how the animals perceive the surrounding environment, the actual welfare of the animals is dependent on how the stakeholders perceive and weigh animal welfare. The stakeholders can, either directly (i.e., through stock-people interaction with the animals) or indirectly (e.g., when retailers and consumers are willing to pay more for high welfare animal-based products), affect the way animals are kept and handled.
education --- animal welfare --- young adult --- welfare --- stunning --- human health --- perception --- slaughter --- pig --- pigs --- children --- livestock --- laying hen --- racehorse welfare --- qualitative research --- free elicitation narrative interviews --- knowledge --- fear --- milk production --- ethical concerns --- food safety concerns --- agreement --- stakeholder perception --- castration --- sheep farmers --- farmer perception --- animal ethics --- goat --- benefit --- horse --- dairy buffalo --- animal attitudes --- turkey --- farm animal welfare (FAW) --- animal --- survey --- Animal welfare --- husbandry practices --- willingness to pay --- donkey --- avoidance distance --- training --- stockperson behaviour --- stockpeople attitudes --- farm animal welfare --- farm animals --- veterinary students --- broiler --- text mining --- religious slaughter --- profit --- consumer --- sheep --- egg farm --- Halal meat --- pain --- employee relations --- standards of care --- animal behavior --- consumer demand --- albumen corticosterone --- aggression --- technology --- transport --- test-retest reliability --- desensitization --- producer perspective --- economics --- pain perception --- Asia --- horse–human relationship --- lambs --- veterinary student --- human-animal relationship --- information --- citizen perception --- immunocastration --- perceived consumer effectiveness --- staff shortages
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This book focuses on sustainable energy systems. While several innovative and alternative concepts are presented, the topics of energy policy, life cycle assessment, thermal energy, and renewable energy also play a major role. Models on various temporal and geographical scales are developed to understand the conditions of technical as well as organizational change. New methods of modeling, which can fulfil technical and physical boundary conditions and nevertheless consider economic environmental and social aspects, are also developed.
coal-fired power unit --- capacity investment --- energy density --- sensitivity analysis --- fuel --- renewable energy source penetration --- AHP --- torrefaction --- Active Disturbance Rejection Control --- swell effect disturbance --- renewable energy --- resource efficiency --- choice experiment --- pseudo-Huber loss --- integrated model --- Probabilistic Robustness --- sustainable energy --- Energy Life-Cycle Assessment --- hysteresis switching --- areal grey relational analysis --- market power --- photovoltaic with energy storage system --- wind power plants --- power system stability --- alternative energy --- hollow rollers --- efficiency --- generation system scheduling --- energy from biomass --- fuelwood value index --- manufacturing industry --- game theory --- energy modelling --- peach --- grindability --- artificial neural networks control --- sustainability --- large bearings --- levelized cost of energy --- renewable energies --- ash recovery --- thermodynamic cycle concepts --- modified cycle concepts --- HOMER simulation --- low-carbon economy --- energy systems --- fuzzy logic control --- basic plan for long-term electricity supply and demand --- LCOE comparison --- post-harvest --- heating value --- power supply reliability --- Pinus pinaster --- doubly fed induction generator --- willingness to pay --- multilayer perception --- robust optimization --- forecasting model for electricity demand --- transient impact --- uncertainty --- power electronics --- electrostatic devices --- flexibility --- active power harmonics filter --- Monte Carlo --- energy storage systems --- energy costs --- SWOT analysis --- tidal stream generator --- textile industrial sector --- stochastic approach --- deficit --- uncertainty analysis --- rotary reactor --- biomass --- secondary air regulation --- forecasting --- photovoltaic --- electricity --- Internet of Things --- dynamic planning --- fuzzy rough set --- flexible resource --- wind resources --- op-amp --- maximum power point tracking --- nexus concept
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