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Most African countries are in dire need of more tax revenue. In 28 out of 45 countries with a value-added tax (VAT), total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP is around 15% or less, falling short of what is necessary to finance basic human and economic development. Far from being revenue-raising instruments, current African VATs are riddled with exemptions, exclusions, and zero rates on domestic goods and services that depress revenue, are highly distortionary, and greatly complicate the administration of VAT. This text enables policymakers, professionals, and students to analyse African tax systems to ascertain how they can be modernised. It explains the case for VAT base-broadening over rate-increasing, arguing that exemptions and zero rates mainly accrue benefits for higher-income groups.

Value-added tax --- Added-value tax --- Goods and services tax --- GST (Goods and services tax) --- Tax on added value --- VAT (Value-added tax) --- Sales tax --- Africa. --- Eastern Hemisphere

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Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented in India in July 2017, after four decades of protracted deliberations amid critical socio-economic and political challenges. GST is a comprehensive multistage value added tax (VAT) on goods and services where both central and state governments share the same tax base. Finding a suitable design for GST that encompasses taxes from both the centre and the state tax brackets makes the Indian GST unique among GST implemented in other federal countries. This book is a study of the evolution of GST in India since the Report of the Indirect Taxation Enquiry Committee of 1977. It studies the following issues on GST: a) inclusion and exclusion of taxes, b) finding a suitable mechanism to handle inter-state transactions, c) finding revenue neutrality of the tax reform, d) providing compensation to states for any possible loss of revenue due to its adoption, and e) possible scope for coordination in GST administration.

Value-added tax --- Added-value tax --- Goods and services tax --- GST (Goods and services tax) --- Tax on added value --- VAT (Value-added tax) --- Sales tax --- Law and legislation --- India. --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Inde --- Indi --- Indien --- Indii͡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu

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This note discusses administrative measures that can be implemented by customs administrations of low-income and fragile countries in a short period (about a year) to improve traders’ compliance and improve revenue collection. These suggested actions have been identified based on the experience acquired through the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Fiscal Affairs Department’s (FAD) technical assistance (TA), particularly the findings and recommendations of TA missions to sub-Saharan African countries. Strengthening low-capacity customs administrations requires structural reforms to support the effective implementation of defined strategies. Developing core operational functions such as risk management, audit, investigation and intelligence are good examples of such reforms. Modernizing human resource management policies or achieving a fully automated environment in a customs administration are longer-term reform projects. Long-term reforms are not addressed here. The note focuses on targeted actions with a potential to increase trade revenue in the short term, and which can be taken without mobilizing large resources or engaging in a broad reorganization. It is hoped that the suggestions in this note will help stakeholders, including country authorities, customs management, donors and TA partners, area departments of the IMF, FAD, and the IMF regional TA centers, identify, design, and implement short-term changes in customs administrations. If implemented effectively, these changes should contribute to a noticeable improvement of revenue performance.

Revenue management. --- Customs administrations. --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Customs administration core functions --- Customs administration --- Customs appraisal --- Customs procedures --- Duties --- Exports and Imports --- Imports --- International economics --- International Trade Organizations --- International trade --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Revenue administration --- Sales tax, tariffs & customs duties --- Tariff --- Tax Evasion and Avoidance --- Taxation and Subsidies: Other --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Taxes --- Trade Policy --- Trade: General --- Valuation, origin and classification --- Burkina Faso

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The economy continues to grow at a fast pace, driven by port activity and cotton production. The execution of the 2019 budget is on track to bring the fiscal deficit within the WAEMU convergence criterion of 3 percent of GDP this year. Program implementation remains very satisfactory with all end-December 2018 quantitative performance criteria (QPCs) and structural benchmarks (SBs) met.

Benin --- Economic conditions. --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Taxation --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Monetary economics --- Sales tax, tariffs & customs duties --- Public debt --- External debt --- Government debt management --- Revenue administration --- Debt sustainability --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Capital spending --- Expenditure --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Revenue --- Capital investments --- Tax administration and procedure --- Credit

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This Selected Issues paper examines Burkina Faso’s banking system and traces its macro-financial linkages. The analysis builds upon the macro-financial linkages work conducted in the context of the Article IV consultation with the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). Overall, the banking system remains profitable and well-capitalized, but its ability to support the real economy needs to be improved if the authorities are to reach their development goals. Moreover, financial inclusion remains low, and despite recent progress on basic access to the financial system, significant barriers to accessing credit remain; particularly for women, rural inhabitants, and the agricultural sector. The available data indicates that the banking system remains well-capitalized and profitable. Systemic risks remain broadly contained, and new banks have come into operation, but there is significant scope to improve the banking system’s ability to support the real economy and financial inclusion. Deteriorating security conditions could undermine banks’ ability to expand into underserved remote areas.

Public investments --- Economic development --- Government investments --- Investments, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Investments --- Capital budget --- Economic development projects --- Investment of public funds --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Finance --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Computer applications in industry & technology --- Sales tax, tariffs & customs duties --- Revenue administration --- Consumption taxes --- Commercial banks --- Financial inclusion --- Financial institutions --- Financial markets --- Taxes --- Credit --- Money --- Revenue --- Banks and banking --- Spendings tax --- Financial services industry --- Tax administration and procedure --- Burkina Faso