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Advances in nanotechnology have boosted the development of more efficient materials, with emerging sectors (electronics, energy, aerospace, etc.) demanding novel materials to fulfill the complex technical requirements of their products. This is the case of polymeric foams, which may display good structural properties alongside functional characteristics through a complex composition and (micro)structure in which a gas phase is combined with rigid ones, mainly based on nanoparticles, dispersed throughout the polymer matrix. In recent years, there has been an important impulse in the development of nanocomposite foams, extending the concept of nanocomposites to the field of cellular materials. This, alongside developments in new advanced foaming technologies which have allowed the generation of foams with micro, sub-micro, and even nanocellular structures, has extended the applications of more traditional foams in terms of weight reduction, damping, and thermal and/or acoustic insulation to novel possibilities, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. This Special Issue, which consists of a total of 22 articles, including one review article written by research groups of experts in the field, considers recent research on novel polymer-based foams in all their aspects: design, composition, processing and fabrication, microstructure, characterization and analysis, applications and service behavior, recycling and reuse, etc.

graphene oxide --- n/a --- microstructure --- multi-objective particle swarm optimization --- electromagnetic wave absorption --- polyamide --- lignin --- expandable microspheres --- surfactants --- aluminum microfibers --- biomaterials --- permittivity --- compression properties --- shock compression --- syntactic foams --- 1 --- impact wedge–peel test --- phenolic foams --- 3 --- foam extrusion --- energy conservation --- heat transfer --- heterogeneous nucleation --- polyurethane foam --- leaching test --- functional --- cellulose foam --- impact property --- foam injection molding --- itaconic acid --- composites --- foaming quality --- phosphorus flame retardants --- polymer waste --- metallic tube --- 5-benzene-trisamides --- polyurethane foam composites --- polyetherimide foams --- scCO2 --- Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer --- thermal conductivity --- ethyl cellulose --- super critical CO2 --- thermal insulation --- cell nucleation --- crystalline --- polypropylene --- PZT --- burning characteristic --- foams --- quasi-static compression tests --- flame-retardant ABS microcellular foams --- nanotubes --- conductivity --- energy absorption capability --- intrinsic toughness --- ternary synergistic effect --- multilayers --- absorbent PMI foam --- semi-rigid polyurethane foams --- phosphorus --- EMI --- supramolecular additives --- MuCell® injection-molding foaming --- piezocomposite --- ultrasonication --- scCO2 foaming --- automobile structural adhesives --- thermogravimetric analysis --- rigid polyurethane foam --- failure mechanism --- mechanical properties --- multifunctional foams --- SANS --- fluoelastomer --- sound absorption coefficient --- acoustic performances --- functional foam --- foam morphology --- mechanical property --- polystyrene foams --- piezoelectric --- graphene --- Pluronic --- epoxy composite foam adhesive --- polymers --- flame retardancy --- core–shell rubber --- extrusion foaming --- equation of state --- cellulose nanofiber --- epoxy --- DOPO --- PUR --- grey relational analysis --- activation energies --- adjacent façade --- electrical conductivity --- impact wedge-peel test --- core-shell rubber --- adjacent façade

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This book, as a collection of 17 research articles, provides a selection of the most recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of environmentally friendly and biodegradable biopolymer composites and nanocomposites. Recently, the demand has been growing for a clean and pollution-free environment and an evident target regarding the minimization of fossil fuel usage. Therefore, much attention has been focused on research to replace petroleum-based commodity plastics by biodegradable materials arising from biological and renewable resources. Biopolymers—polymers produced from natural sources either chemically from a biological material or biosynthesized by living organisms—are suitable alternatives for addressing these issues due to their outstanding properties, including good barrier performance, biodegradation ability, and low weight. However, they generally possess poor mechanical properties, a short fatigue life, low chemical resistance, poor long-term durability, and limited processing capability. In order to overcome these deficiencies, biopolymers can be reinforced with fillers or nanofillers (with at least one of their dimensions in the nanometer range). Bionanocomposites are advantageous for a wide range of applications, such as in medicine, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food packaging, agriculture, forestry, electronics, transport, construction, and many more.

biodegradable films --- chitosan --- natural rubber --- n/a --- toughening --- elastomer --- deoxycholic acid --- cellulose fibers --- amphiphilic polymer --- cross-link density --- antioxidant activity --- nanocomposites --- silk fibroin --- impact properties --- conductivity --- antimicrobial agents --- Py-GC/MS --- Poly(propylene carbonate) --- biodisintegration --- peptide-cellulose conformation --- nanocomposite --- alginate films --- toughness --- protease sensor --- physical and mechanical properties --- biocomposites --- nanocellulose --- thermal decomposition kinetics --- potato protein --- micelles --- nanofibers --- mechanical properties --- active packaging materials --- cellulose --- structural profile --- glycol chitosan --- glass transition --- essential oils --- compatibility --- plasticized starch --- natural fibers --- biopolyester --- human neutrophil elastase --- biodegradation --- bio-composites --- fiber/matrix adhesion --- ?-tocopherol succinate --- MgO whiskers --- carbon nanotubes --- PLLA --- electrospinning --- chitin nanofibrils --- FTIR --- biopolymers composites --- DMA --- wheat gluten --- water uptake --- folic acid --- polycarbonate --- aerogel --- surfactant --- paclitaxel --- chemical pre-treatment --- biomass --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate) --- stress-strain --- polyfunctional monomers --- bio-based polymers --- tensile properties --- compatibilizer --- TG/FTIR --- PVA --- in vitro degradation --- poly(lactic acid) --- heat deflection temperature

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The use of biocatalysts, including enzymes and metabolically engineered cells, has attracted a great deal of attention in the chemical and bio-industry, because biocatalytic reactions can be conducted under environmentally-benign conditions and in more sustainable ways. The catalytic efficiency and chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity of enzymes can be enhanced and modulated using protein engineering. Metabolic engineering seeks to enhance cellular biosynthetic productivity of target metabolites via controlling and redesigning metabolic pathways using multi-omics analysis, genome-scale modeling, metabolic flux control, and reconstruction of novel pathways. The aim of this book is to cover the recent advances in biocatalysis and metabolic engineering for biomanufacturing of biofuels, chemicals, biomaterials, and pharmaceuticals. Reviews and original research articles on the development of new strategies to improve the catalytic efficiency of enzymes, biosynthetic capability of cell factories, and their applications in production of various bioproducts and chemicals are included.

n/a --- fluorescein diacetate --- Methylosinus sporium strain 5 --- soluble methane monooxygenase --- tunable expression system --- FTIR spectroscopy --- mevalonate kinase 1 --- poly(ethylene glycol) --- tetraethylene glycol --- review --- mevalonate (MVA) --- biofilm --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- polymer functionalization --- microbial production --- microbial cell factory --- bio-hydrogen --- redox enzymes --- specific recognition --- fed-batch fermentation --- monoterpene --- Vitreoscilla --- Pvgb --- bioreactor --- 3-hydroxypropionic acid --- cascade reactions --- synthetic biology --- aerobic methane bioconversion --- starch hydrolysis --- CYP153A --- MEP pathway --- cross-linked enzyme aggregate --- interfacial activation --- expression vectors --- Combi-CLEAs --- polyethyleneimine --- bovine serum albumin --- polyurethane foam --- 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid --- MEV pathway --- amyloglucosidase --- total enzymatic activity --- Nylon 12 --- biocatalytic reaction --- Myceliophthora --- whole-cell biotransformation --- magnetic nanoparticles --- lipase immobilization --- Methanosarcina mazei --- biocatalysis --- acetate --- vgb --- C–H activation --- artificial self-sufficient P450 --- whole cell --- bioplastics --- Corynebacterium glutamicum --- chemicals addition --- enzyme modulation --- Eversa --- enzyme stabilization --- biocatalysts --- prokaryotic microbial factory --- synthetic metabolic pathways --- mannose --- immobilization --- (?)-?-bisabolol --- hydrogenase --- O2 activation --- string film reactor --- fatty acid synthesis --- ?-aminododecanoic acid --- transesterification --- mass transfer performance --- dodecanoic acid --- metabolic engineering --- glyoxal oxidase --- small molecules --- Candida antarctica Lipase B --- C-H activation