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Als die Päpste im 13. Jahrhundert damit begannen, eine eigene weltliche Herrschaft in Mittelitalien zu errichten, sahen sie sich schnell mit einem spezifisch kommunalen Phänomen konfrontiert: Die Städte im Patrimonium Petri koordinierten ihre politischen, wirtschaftlichen und rechtlichen Beziehungen vornehmlich durch vertraglich gesicherte Bündnisse, societates in der Quellensprache. Die Studie analysiert erstmals die diplomatische Praxis, die rechtliche und schriftliche Ausgestaltung und die Umsetzung der über einhundert aus dem 13. Jahrhundert überlieferten kommunalen Bündnisse. Das Beispiel der umbrischen Stadt Perugia zeigt, welche Funktion die Verträge in der Politik einer Kommune einnehmen konnten, wie die societates auf regionaler Ebene wirkten und wie die Römische Kirche mit den Bündnissen umging, die teils toleriert, gefördert und für eigene Ziele genutzt, teils verboten und bekämpft wurden. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich damit nicht nur mit einem bislang wenig beachteten Aspekt der Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Kirchenstaates, sondern fügt sich in neuere Forschungsdiskurse zur italienischen Kommune und zur Organisation von Herrschaft im Mittelalter ein. In the Middle Ages, Italian communes coordinated their political relations through leagues. The Popes were confronted with this phenomenon as they set up their secular dominion in the 13th century. The study analyzes the terms and texts of the alliances in the Patrimonium Petri, examines their impact on the region, and investigates how the Roman Church dealt with its subjects' autonomous interactions.

Papal States --- History

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The Borgias have become a byword for evil. Corruption, incest, ruthless megalomania, avarice and vicious cruelty - all have been associated with their name. But the story of this remarkable family is far more than a tale of sensational depravities, it also marks a decisive turning point in European history.

Nobility --- Borgia family. --- Papal States --- History

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Zouaves pontificaux --- Église catholique --- Histoire. --- Histoire --- Papal States. --- Catholic Church --- History.

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For all their unquestionable importance, the Holocaust and the founding of the State of Israel now loom so large in modern Jewish history that we have mostly lost sight of the fact that they are only part of--and indeed reactions to--the central event of that history: emancipation. In this book, David Sorkin seeks to reorient Jewish history by offering the first comprehensive account in any language of the process by which Jews became citizens with civil and political rights in the modern world. Ranging from the mid-sixteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first, Jewish Emancipation tells the ongoing story of how Jews have gained, kept, lost, and recovered rights in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the United States, and Israel. Emancipation, Sorkin shows, was not a one-time or linear event that began with the Enlightenment or French Revolution and culminated with Jews' acquisition of rights in Central Europe in 1867-71 or Russia in 1917. Rather, emancipation was and is a complex, multidirectional, and ambiguous process characterized by deflections and reversals, defeats and successes, triumphs and tragedies. For example, American Jews mobilized twice for emancipation: in the nineteenth century for political rights, and in the twentieth for lost civil rights. Similarly, Israel itself has struggled from the start to institute equality among its heterogeneous citizens. By telling the story of this foundational but neglected event, Jewish Emancipation reveals the lost contours of Jewish history over the past half millennium.

Jews --- Jewish diaspora. --- Liberty --- Emancipation. --- Religious aspects --- Judaism. --- Europa --- Abolitionism. --- Algeria. --- American Jewish Congress. --- Austria-Hungary. --- Blood libel. --- Bourgeoisie. --- Bureaucrat. --- Central Europe. --- Chief Rabbi. --- Christian state. --- Citizenship. --- Civil and political rights. --- Civil code. --- Civil defense. --- Civil service. --- Civil society. --- Congress Poland. --- Conscription. --- Court Jew. --- Decree. --- Deportation. --- Duchy of Warsaw. --- Eastern Europe. --- Edict. --- Emigration. --- Employment. --- Equality before the law. --- Europe. --- Exclusion. --- French nationality law. --- Galicia (Spain). --- German Confederation. --- Great power. --- Holy Roman Empire. --- Immigration. --- Infamous Decree. --- Institution. --- Israelites. --- Jewish emancipation. --- Jewish history. --- Jews. --- Jurisdiction. --- Jus sanguinis. --- Jus soli. --- Lawyer. --- Lecture. --- Legislation. --- Lithuania. --- Local government. --- Market town. --- Military service. --- Minority rights. --- Napoleon. --- Nationality. --- Naturalization. --- Nazi Party. --- Nazism. --- New Laws. --- Nobility. --- Numerus clausus. --- Of Education. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Ownership. --- Pale of Settlement. --- Papal States. --- Partitions of Poland. --- Peasant. --- Persecution. --- Pogrom. --- Poles. --- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. --- Political party. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Precedent. --- Promulgation. --- Protestantism. --- Prussia. --- Public sphere. --- Residence. --- Russian Empire. --- Russification. --- Salary. --- Sephardi Jews. --- Shtetl. --- States of Germany. --- Statute. --- Succession of states. --- Szlachta. --- Tax. --- Toleration. --- Treaty. --- Tsarist autocracy. --- Usury. --- Western Europe. --- World War I. --- YIVO. --- Yiddish. --- Zionism. --- Political and social conditions.