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“Personalised Nutrition” represents any initiative that attempts to provide tailor-made healthy eating advice based on the nutritional needs of each individual, as these are dictated by the individual’s behaviour, phenotype and/or genotype, and their interactions. This Special Issue of Nutrients is dedicated to the development, implementation and assessment of the effectiveness of evidence-based “Personalised Nutrition” strategies. In this regard, a selection of reviews and original research manuscripts will bring together the latest evidence on how lifestyle habits, physiology, nutraceuticals, gut microbiome and genetics can be integrated into nutritional solutions, specific to the needs of each individual, for maintaining health and preventing diseases.

n/a --- gene-based --- taste --- postprandial leptin --- children --- personalised --- obesity --- macronutrient composition --- gastrointestinal symptoms --- postprandial adiponectin --- formula diet --- avoidance diet --- weight loss --- weight --- omega-3 fatty acids --- microbiome --- genotype --- nutrition --- direct-to-consumer test --- intervention --- clinical nutrition --- postprandial total ghrelin --- dietary intervention --- microbiota --- low-carbohydrate diet --- insulin --- FADS polymorphism --- adults --- genetics --- diet --- healthcare professionals --- HbA1c --- PROX1 gene --- phenotype --- high-fat meal --- glucose --- personalised nutrition --- irritable bowel syndrome --- dietary recommendation --- postprandial metabolic fingerprinting --- type 2 diabetes mellitus risk --- high-carbohydrate meal --- health --- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography --- food allergy --- normo-carbohydrate meal --- nutrimetabolomics --- type 2 diabetes --- nutrigenetics --- gene–diet interaction --- personalized nutrition --- gene-diet interaction

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Human lactation has evolved to produce a milk composition that is uniquely-designed for the human infant. Not only does human milk optimize infant growth and development, it also provides protection from infection and disease. More recently, the importance of human milk and breastfeeding in the programming of infant health has risen to the fore. Anchoring of infant feeding in the developmental origins of health and disease has led to a resurgence of research focused in this area. Milk composition is highly variable both between and within mothers. Indeed the distinct maternal human milk signature, including its own microbiome, is influenced by environmental factors, such as diet, health, body composition and geographic residence. An understanding of these changes will lead to unravelling the adaptation of milk to the environment and its impact on the infant. In terms of the promotion of breastfeeding, health economics and epidemiology is instrumental in shaping public health policy and identifying barriers to breastfeeding. Further, basic research is imperative in order to design evidence-based interventions to improve both breastfeeding duration and women’s breastfeeding experience.

Cambodia --- milk metabolomics --- galactogogues --- adequate intake --- postnatal outcomes --- cytomegalovirus --- midwifery --- milk synthesis --- chromatography --- protein --- lactoferrin --- human lactation --- ultrasound skinfolds --- breastfed infants --- knowledge --- pregnancy --- casein --- SEA --- maternal factors --- ethnicity --- post-partum distress --- bottle --- composition --- feeding --- co-sleeping --- passive immunity --- glycerophosphocholine --- anthropometrics --- antimicrobial proteins --- professional support --- mothers of preterm infants --- responsive feeding --- lactating women --- peptidomics --- triiodothyronine --- preterm --- mother–infant physical contact --- expressing --- preterm infant --- appetite regulation --- justification of supplementation --- body composition --- zinc supplementation --- antibodies --- antisecretory factor --- proteolysis --- enteral nutrition --- Ecuador --- growth factors --- maternal responsiveness --- maternal wellbeing --- nipple shield --- microbiome --- maternal distress --- sodium --- thyroid --- maternal diet --- thyroxine --- IgA --- caesarean section --- raw breast milk --- colostrum --- fatty acids --- breast milk --- immune cells --- metabolites --- PEA --- premature --- mode of delivery --- endocannabinoids --- lipids --- practice --- fat synthesis --- attitudes --- feeding cues --- infant --- Docosahexaenoic acid --- Arachidonic acid --- GDM --- milk-acquired infections --- zinc deficiency --- ICP-OES --- social support --- infants --- omega-6 fatty acids --- infant health --- HGF --- omega-3 fatty acids --- OEA --- leptin --- milk metabolites --- Canada --- mother–infant interaction --- NMR spectroscopy --- lipidomics --- infection --- breastfeeding support --- prematurity --- phosphocholine --- immunity --- Quito --- sex-specificity --- choline --- paternal role --- inflammation --- docosahexaenoic acid --- partner support --- proximal care --- thyroid antibodies --- adipokines --- calculated daily intakes --- candida --- proton nuclear magnetic resonance --- N-acylethanolamines --- milk intake --- whey --- bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy --- breastfeeding --- n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid --- babywearing --- milk composition --- breastmilk --- obesity --- lactation --- infant growth --- formula supplementation --- early life nutrition --- adiponectin --- milk cells --- potassium --- human milk --- long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids --- Andean region --- Ireland --- mass spectrometry --- geographical location --- diet --- dietary recommendations --- TGF-? --- ion selective electrode --- plasma zinc --- barriers --- infant feeding --- human milk composition --- Breastfeeding