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Polyamines are ubiquitous polycations essential for all cellular life. The most common polyamines in eukaryotes, spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, exist in millimolar intracellular concentrations that are tightly regulated through biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. Polyamines interact with, and regulate, negatively charged macromolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and ion channels. Accordingly, alterations in polyamine metabolism affect cellular proliferation and survival through changes in gene expression and transcription, translation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of these multifaceted polyamine functions contribute to multiple disease processes, thus their metabolism and function have been targeted for preventive or therapeutic intervention. The correlation between elevated polyamine levels and cancer is well established, and ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme in the production of putrescine, is a bona fide transcriptional target of the Myc oncogene. Furthermore, induced polyamine catabolism contributes to carcinogenesis that is associated with certain forms of chronic infection and/or inflammation through the production of reactive oxygen species. These and other characteristics specific to cancer cells have led to the development of polyamine-based agents and inhibitors aimed at exploiting the polyamine metabolic pathway for chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive benefit. In addition to cancer, polyamines are involved in the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, parasitic and infectious diseases, wound healing, ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and certain age-related conditions, as polyamines are known to decrease with age. As in cancer, polyamine-based therapies for these conditions are an area of active investigation. With recent advances in immunotherapy, interest has increased regarding polyamine-associated modulation of immune responses, as well as potential immunoregulation of polyamine metabolism, the results of which could have relevance to multiple disease processes. The goal of this Special Issue of Medical Sciences is to present the most recent advances in polyamine research as it relates to health, disease, and/or therapy.

protein synthesis in cancer --- neuroblastoma --- epigenetics --- Drosophila imaginal discs --- pneumococcal pneumonia --- transgenic mice --- spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase --- ?-difluoromethylornithine --- MYC --- skeletal muscle --- protein expression --- curcumin --- colorectal cancer --- autophagy --- human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) --- melanoma --- tumor immunity --- Snyder-Robinson Syndrome --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- B-lymphocytes --- autoimmunity --- spermine oxidase --- cell differentiation --- diferuloylmethane --- immunity --- antizyme --- transgenic mouse --- polyamine --- hirsutism --- chemoprevention --- CRISPR --- transglutaminase --- polyamine analogs --- NF-?B --- spermine synthase --- atrophy --- aging --- oxidative stress --- mast cells --- African sleeping sickness --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- eflornithine --- carcinogenesis --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamine transport inhibitor --- putrescine --- neutrophils --- spermidine --- untranslated region --- spermine --- polyphenol --- M2 macrophages --- polyamine transport system --- metabolism --- difluoromethylorthinine --- DFMO --- antizyme inhibitors --- capsule --- polyamine transport --- eosinophils --- MCF-7 cells --- difluoromethylornithine --- polyamine metabolism --- mutant BRAF --- polyamines --- cadaverine --- proteomics --- airway smooth muscle cells --- breast cancer --- X-linked intellectual disability --- complementation --- T-lymphocytes --- bis(ethyl)polyamine analogs --- antizyme 1 --- cancer --- osteosarcoma

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The development of new plant varieties is a long and tedious process involving the generation of large seedling populations for the selection of the best individuals. While the ability of breeders to generate large populations is almost unlimited, the selection of these seedlings is the main factor limiting the generation of new cultivars. Molecular studies for the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies are particularly useful when the evaluation of the character is expensive, time-consuming, or with long juvenile periods. The papers published in the Special Issue “Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding” report highly novel results and testable new models for the integrative analysis of genetic (phenotyping and transmission of agronomic characters), physiology (flowering, ripening, organ development), genomic (DNA regions responsible for the different agronomic characters), transcriptomic (gene expression analysis of the characters), proteomic (proteins and enzymes involved in the expression of the characters), metabolomic (secondary metabolites), and epigenetic (DNA methylation and histone modifications) approaches for the development of new MAS strategies. These molecular approaches together with an increasingly accurate phenotyping will facilitate the breeding of new climate-resilient varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic stress, with suitable productivity and quality, to extend the adaptation and viability of the current varieties.

n/a --- GA2ox7 --- cabbage --- OsGPAT3 --- oleic acid --- OsCDPK1 --- nutrient use efficiency --- stem borer --- yellow-green-leaf mutant --- branching --- epigenetics --- NPK fertilizers --- particle bombardment --- stress tolerance --- overexpression --- glycine --- heat-stress --- bulk segregant RNA-seq --- Prunus --- protein-protein interaction --- AdRAP2.3 --- plant architecture --- waterlogging stress --- genes --- Cucumis sativus L. --- Flower color --- resistance --- Tobacco --- gynomonoecy --- drought stress --- Brassica oleracea --- starch biosynthesis --- Overexpression --- WUS --- agronomic traits --- Ghd7 --- the modified MutMap method --- cry2A gene --- light-induced --- gene expression --- breeding --- Heterodera schachtii --- ABA --- Green tissue-specific expression --- subcellular localization --- squamosa promoter binding protein-like --- transcriptome --- FAD2 --- As3+ stress --- metallothionein --- flowering --- bisulfite sequencing --- tomato --- quantitative trait loci --- Promoter --- marker–trait association --- DEGs --- cytoplasmic male sterile --- Rosa rugosa --- MADS transcription factor --- yield --- P. suffruticosa --- CYC2 --- common wild rice --- Actinidia deliciosa --- gene-by-gene interaction --- Aechmea fasciata --- hybrid rice --- soybean --- R2R3-MYB --- bread wheat --- BRANCHED1 (BRC1) --- linoleic acid --- differentially expressed genes --- complex traits --- transgenic chrysanthemum --- D-genome --- Brassica --- candidate gene --- SmJMT --- gene expression pattern --- RNA-Seq --- candidate genes --- leaf shape --- Brassica napus --- recombination-suppressed region --- anthocyanin --- WRKY transcription factor --- Idesia polycarpa var --- single nucleotide polymorphism --- bud abortion --- QTL --- reproductive organ --- transient overexpression --- Elongated Internode (EI) --- sugarcane --- abiotic stress --- Oryza sativa L. --- RrGT2 gene --- Hd1 --- cZR3 --- cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) --- seed development --- tapetum --- near-isogenic line (NIL) --- phytohormones --- TCP transcription factor --- pollen accumulation --- Anthocyanin --- WRKY --- quantitative trait loci (QTLs) --- salt stress --- floral scent --- sucrose --- Ogura-CMS --- root traits --- endosperm development --- Zea mays L. --- sesame --- Bryum argenteum --- AP2/ERF genes --- transcriptional regulation --- WB1 --- haplotype block --- broccoli --- agronomic efficiency --- durum wheat --- gene pyramiding --- Oryza sativa --- genetics --- flowering time --- Cicer arietinum --- Hs1pro-1 --- endosperm appearance --- phenolic acids --- anther wall --- bromeliad --- genomics --- transgenic --- DgWRKY2 --- Clone --- yield trait --- flower symmetry --- partial factor productivity --- rice --- molecular breeding --- genotyping-by-sequencing --- Chimonanthus praecox --- nectary --- Salvia miltiorrhiza --- pollen development --- regulation --- ZmES22 --- genome-wide association study --- VIGS --- iTRAQ --- genome-wide association study (GWAS) --- ethylene-responsive factor --- starch --- molecular markers --- rice quality --- Chrysanthemum morifolium --- marker-trait association