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2019 (4)

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Book
Molecular Magnets
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Year: 2019 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

Molecular magnets show many properties not met in conventional metallic magnetic materials, i.e. low density, transparency to electromagnetic radiation, sensitivity to external stimuli such as light, pressure, temperature, chemical modification or magnetic/electric fields, and others. They can serve as “functional” materials in sensors of different types or be applied in high-density magnetic storage or nanoscale devices. Research into molecule-based materials became more intense at the end of the 20th century and is now an important branch of modern science. The articles in this Special Issue, written by physicists and chemists, reflect the current work on molecular magnets being carried out in several research centers. Theoretical papers in the issue concern the influence of spin anisotropy in the low dimensional lattice of the resulting type of magnet, as well as thermodynamics and magnetic excitations in spin trimers. The impact of external pressure on structural and magnetic properties and its underlying mechanisms is described using the example of Prussian blue analogue data. The other functionality discussed is the magnetocaloric effect, investigated in coordination polymers and high spin clusters. In this issue, new molecular magnets are presented: (i) ferromagnetic high-spin [Mn6] single-molecule magnets, (ii) solvatomagnetic compounds changing their structure and magnetism dependent on water content, and (iii) a family of purely organic magnetic materials. Finally, an advanced calorimetric study of anisotropy in magnetic molecular superconductors is reviewed.


Book
Molecular Magnets
Authors: ---
Year: 2019 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

Molecular magnets show many properties not met in conventional metallic magnetic materials, i.e. low density, transparency to electromagnetic radiation, sensitivity to external stimuli such as light, pressure, temperature, chemical modification or magnetic/electric fields, and others. They can serve as “functional” materials in sensors of different types or be applied in high-density magnetic storage or nanoscale devices. Research into molecule-based materials became more intense at the end of the 20th century and is now an important branch of modern science. The articles in this Special Issue, written by physicists and chemists, reflect the current work on molecular magnets being carried out in several research centers. Theoretical papers in the issue concern the influence of spin anisotropy in the low dimensional lattice of the resulting type of magnet, as well as thermodynamics and magnetic excitations in spin trimers. The impact of external pressure on structural and magnetic properties and its underlying mechanisms is described using the example of Prussian blue analogue data. The other functionality discussed is the magnetocaloric effect, investigated in coordination polymers and high spin clusters. In this issue, new molecular magnets are presented: (i) ferromagnetic high-spin [Mn6] single-molecule magnets, (ii) solvatomagnetic compounds changing their structure and magnetism dependent on water content, and (iii) a family of purely organic magnetic materials. Finally, an advanced calorimetric study of anisotropy in magnetic molecular superconductors is reviewed.


Book
Molecular Magnets
Authors: ---
Year: 2019 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

Molecular magnets show many properties not met in conventional metallic magnetic materials, i.e. low density, transparency to electromagnetic radiation, sensitivity to external stimuli such as light, pressure, temperature, chemical modification or magnetic/electric fields, and others. They can serve as “functional” materials in sensors of different types or be applied in high-density magnetic storage or nanoscale devices. Research into molecule-based materials became more intense at the end of the 20th century and is now an important branch of modern science. The articles in this Special Issue, written by physicists and chemists, reflect the current work on molecular magnets being carried out in several research centers. Theoretical papers in the issue concern the influence of spin anisotropy in the low dimensional lattice of the resulting type of magnet, as well as thermodynamics and magnetic excitations in spin trimers. The impact of external pressure on structural and magnetic properties and its underlying mechanisms is described using the example of Prussian blue analogue data. The other functionality discussed is the magnetocaloric effect, investigated in coordination polymers and high spin clusters. In this issue, new molecular magnets are presented: (i) ferromagnetic high-spin [Mn6] single-molecule magnets, (ii) solvatomagnetic compounds changing their structure and magnetism dependent on water content, and (iii) a family of purely organic magnetic materials. Finally, an advanced calorimetric study of anisotropy in magnetic molecular superconductors is reviewed.

Keywords

molecular magnetism --- phase diagram --- superconductivity --- molecular magnets --- magnetism --- thermodynamics --- ?-d system --- cyclam --- critical behaviour --- redox --- exact diagonalization --- salicylamidoxime --- thermodynamic measurement --- magnetic conductor --- quantum magnet --- radical anion --- single crystal heat capacity measurement --- effect of high pressure --- square lattice --- single-molecule magnets --- cyano bridge --- Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition --- coordination polymers --- Prussian blue analogues --- chain --- antiferromagnetism --- dioxothiadiazole --- inelastic neutron scattering --- spin anisotropy --- rectangular lattice --- superexchange interaction --- Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian --- Heisenberg --- S = 1/2 XXZ model --- antiferromagnetic coupling --- manganese(III) --- spin clusters --- magnetic properties --- magnetocaloric effect --- crystal structure --- copper(II) --- octacyanotungstate(V) --- octacyanometallates --- molecular magnetism --- phase diagram --- superconductivity --- molecular magnets --- magnetism --- thermodynamics --- ?-d system --- cyclam --- critical behaviour --- redox --- exact diagonalization --- salicylamidoxime --- thermodynamic measurement --- magnetic conductor --- quantum magnet --- radical anion --- single crystal heat capacity measurement --- effect of high pressure --- square lattice --- single-molecule magnets --- cyano bridge --- Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition --- coordination polymers --- Prussian blue analogues --- chain --- antiferromagnetism --- dioxothiadiazole --- inelastic neutron scattering --- spin anisotropy --- rectangular lattice --- superexchange interaction --- Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian --- Heisenberg --- S = 1/2 XXZ model --- antiferromagnetic coupling --- manganese(III) --- spin clusters --- magnetic properties --- magnetocaloric effect --- crystal structure --- copper(II) --- octacyanotungstate(V) --- octacyanometallates


Book
Possible Scenarios for Homochirality on Earth
Author:
ISBN: 3039217232 3039217224 Year: 2019 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

In 1978, Fred Hoyle proposed that interstellar comets carrying several viruses landed on Earth as part of the panspermia hypotheses. With respect to life, the origin of homochirality on Earth has been the greatest mystery because life cannot exist without molecular asymmetry. Many scientists have proposed several possible hypotheses to answer this long-standing L-D question. Previously, Martin Gardner raised the question about mirror symmetry and broken mirror symmetry in terms of the homochirality question in his monographs (1964 and 1990). Possible scenarios for the L-D issue can be categorized into (i) Earth and exoterrestrial origins, (ii) by-chance and necessity mechanisms, and (iii) mirror-symmetrical and non-mirror-symmetrical forces as physical and chemical origins. These scenarios should involve further great amplification mechanisms, enabling a pure L- or D-world.

Keywords

supramolecular assembly --- weak neutral current --- homochiral and heterochiral aggregates --- vortex --- neutrinos --- Soai reaction --- Viedma ripening effect --- nucleus–molecular coupling --- absolute asymmetric synthesis --- circular dichroism --- enantiomer self-disproportionation --- magmatic flow --- metal-organic framework --- Z0 boson --- hidden chirality --- gravitation --- SDE --- etch figures --- replicators --- supramolecular chirality --- deracemization --- assemblies --- spin polarized electrons --- super-high-velocity impact --- homochirality --- chirogenesis --- heat capacity --- tunneling --- prebiotic --- Salam hypothesis --- tilt-chirality --- self-assembly --- racemic field --- triethylenediamine (DABCO) molecules --- environmental chirality --- bioorganic homochirality --- polymer --- enantioselective reaction --- two-fold helix --- origin of life --- biological homochirality --- parity violation in the weak interaction --- amino acids --- multi-point approximation --- magnetism --- C1- and C2-symmetric catalysts --- spin-polarized lepton --- lipid --- chiral field (memory) --- Wallach’s rule --- asymmetric autocatalysis --- plasma reactor --- circularly polarized photon --- asymmetric reaction --- racemate --- enantiomorphism --- symmetry breaking --- ?-strand --- chirality --- circularly polarized light --- circularly polarized luminescence --- autocatalysis --- amino acid handedness --- asymmetric synthesis --- precision measurement --- nepheline --- chiral separation --- parity violation --- achiral stationary phase --- genesis of life chirality --- high dimensional chirality

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