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Executive Directors underscore the importance of promoting gender diversity at the IMF’s Executive Board and the Offices of Executive Directors (OEDs). The Executive Board recognizes that a diversity of views contributes to stronger decisionmaking, and is committed to ongoing efforts to improve the gender profile of the Board and Offices of the Executive Directors. The Fund’s membership has also indicated that it places importance on this issue; the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) has consistently drawn attention in its communiqués to the importance of enhancing the gender diversity of the Executive Board.
Economic policy. --- Fiscal policy. --- Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Banks and banking --- Banks --- Communications in revenue administration --- Depository Institutions --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Revenue --- Sex role --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- France
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This issue of Finance & Development discusses need of empowering women, which is critical for the world’s economy and people. Unequal or unfair treatment can marginalize women and hinder their participation as productive individuals contributing to society and the economy in invaluable ways. The rich tapestry of organizations and individuals who can make a difference to ensure women have equal opportunities; there is a crucial role for policymakers. They can use their positions to design policies that help women and girls’ access what they need for a fulfilling life—including education, health services, safe transportation, legal protection against harassment, finance, and flexible working arrangements. The IMF recommends these kinds of policy measures to its member countries—and works with many governments to examine how policies affect women. The IMF’s 189 member countries face many different challenges, but empowering women remains a common denominator and a global imperative for all those who care about fairness and diversity, but also productivity and growth of societies and economies that are more inclusive.
Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Income economics --- Income inequality --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor force participation --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Minimum wage --- Minimum wages --- Money and Monetary Policy --- National accounts --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Wage Differentials --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- India
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Finance and Development.
Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Income economics --- Labor force participation --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Minimum wage --- Minimum wages --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Wage Differentials --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- India
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Finance and Development.
Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Income economics --- Labor force participation --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Minimum wage --- Minimum wages --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Wage Differentials --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- India
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Finance and Development.
Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Income economics --- Labor force participation --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Minimum wage --- Minimum wages --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Wage Differentials --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- India
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Finance and Development.
Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Income economics --- Labor force participation --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Minimum wage --- Minimum wages --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Wage Differentials --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- India
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We examine the impact of gender equality on electoral violence in Africa using micro-level data from the sixth round of Afrobarometer surveys. The sample covers 30 countries. We find that gender equality is associated with lower electoral violence. Quantitatively, our estimates show that an increase in female-to-male labor force participation ratio by 1 percentage point is correlated with a reduction of the probability of electoral violence across the continent by around 4.2 percentage points. Our results are robust to alternative ways to measure electoral violence and gender equality, as well as to alternative specifications. The findings of this paper support the long-standing view that women empowerment contributes to the reduction of violence and underscore the urgency of addressing gender inequality in Africa.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Models of Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior --- Conflict --- Conflict Resolution --- Alliances --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economywide Country Studies: Africa --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender inequality --- Labor force participation --- Women --- Gender diversity --- Income inequality --- Gender --- National accounts --- Sex discrimination --- Labor market --- Sex role --- Income distribution --- Kenya --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies
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Female-to-male employment in Senegal increased by 14 percentage points between 2006 and 2011. During the same period years of education of the working age population increased 27 percent for females and 13 percent for males, reducing gender gaps in education. In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the impact of this increase in education on female employment in Senegal. To that end, we build an overlapping generations model that captures barriers that women face over their life-cycle. Our main findings are: (i) the improvement in years of education can explain up to 44 percent of the observed increased in female-to-male employment ratio and (ii) the rest can be explained by a decline in the discrimination against women in the labor market.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Household --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Time Allocation and Labor Supply --- Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income and Wealth: Africa --- Oceania --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Education: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Women --- Gender diversity --- Labor markets --- Gender --- Sex role --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- Senegal --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies
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This Selected Issues paper on the Republic of Armenia seeks to quantify the macroeconomic impact of the government’s reform agenda, which covers three broad areas: tax policy and pension; governance, government efficiency, and corruption; and labor market and competition. Strengthening growth and competitiveness and addressing governance problems requires comprehensive reform efforts. The new government has made it clear that fighting corruption and improving governance remain top priorities. Measures have been proposed to enhance corporate transparency, including through accounting and auditing reforms. A more systematic support program for small and medium-sized enterprises, along with labor market reforms, should also help alleviate unemployment difficulties. The simulations suggest that the government’s tax policy reform can have a positive impact on output in the medium run if it is accompanied by supporting measures. The results suggest that a full implementation of the reform package would yield substantial benefits for the economy. In particular, it could increase real GDP by as much as 7 percent over the long run.
Monetary policy --- Financial risk management --- Risk management --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Labor --- Criminology --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Education: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Corporate crime --- white-collar crime --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Macroeconomics --- Women --- Labor markets --- Gender diversity --- Crime --- Gender --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Sex role --- Armenia, Republic of --- Income economics --- White-collar crime --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies
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Unpaid work, such as caring for children, the elderly, and household chores represents a significant share of economic activity but is not counted as part of GDP. Women disproportionately shoulder the burden of unpaid work: on average, women do two more hours of unpaid work per day than men, with large differences across countries. While much unpaid care work is done entirely by choice, constraints imposed by cultural norms, labor market features or lack of public services, infrastructure, and family-friendly policies matter. This undermines female labor force participation and lowers economy-wide productivity. In this paper, we examine recent trends in unpaid work around the world using aggregate and individual-level data, explore potential drivers, and identify policies that can help reduce and redistribute unpaid work across genders. Conservative model-based estimates suggest that the gains from these policies could amount to up to 4 percent of GDP.
Labor laws and legislation. --- Employees --- Employment law --- Industrial relations --- Labor law --- Labor standards (Labor law) --- Work --- Working class --- Industrial laws and legislation --- Social legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Income economics --- Labor economics --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Time Allocation and Labor Supply --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- Norway
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