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This book deals with gamma radiation in many fields, which encompasses diverse factors that affect human and animal life inside an environment. These fields include nuclear and medical physics, industrial processes, environmental sciences, radiation biology, radiation chemistry, radiotherapy, agriculture and forestry, sterilization, the food industry, and so on. The book covers an overview of gamma background radiations and measurements, radioactive decay, radioecological applications in environmental gamma dosimetry, gamma-ray interaction, monocolor gamma, influence of gamma radiation on dynamical mechanical properties, influence of low-dose gamma irradiation treatments on microbial decontamination, gamma-ray ionization enhancement in tissues, gas-filled surge arresters, modeling plastic deformation located in irradiated materials, radiotherapy, application of radiation and genetic engineering techniques, and gamma-ray measurements using unmanned aerial systems. This book is expected to benefit undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, teachers, practitioners, policy makers, and every individual who has a concern for a healthy life.

Gamma rays --- Industrial applications.

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From superstring theory to models with extra dimensions to dark matter and dark energy, a range of theoretically stimulating ideas have evolved for physics beyond the standard model. These developments have spawned a new area of physics that centers on the interplay between particle physics and cosmology-astroparticle physics. Providing the necessary theoretical background, Particle and Astroparticle Physics clearly presents the many recent advances that have occurred in these fields.Divided into five parts, the book begins with discussions on group and field theories. The second part summarizes the standard model of particle physics and includes some extensions to the model, such as neutrino masses and CP violation. The next section focuses on grand unified theories and supersymmetry. The book then discusses the general theory of relativity, higher dimensional theories of gravity, and superstring theory. It also introduces various novel ideas and models with extra dimensions and low-scale gravity. The last part of the book deals with astroparticle physics. After an introduction to cosmology, it covers several specialized topics, including baryogenesis, dark matter, dark energy, and brane cosmology.With numerous equations and detailed references, this lucid book explores the new physics beyond the standard model, showing that particle and astroparticle physics will together reveal unique insights in the next era of physics.

Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear astrophysics --- Particules (Physique nucléaire) --- Astrophysique nucléaire --- 539.12 --- Elementary and simple particles (charge less than 3 including alpha-rays, beta-rays, gamma-rays as individual particles or as radiation) --- Nuclear astrophysics. --- Particles (Nuclear physics). --- 539.12 Elementary and simple particles (charge less than 3 including alpha-rays, beta-rays, gamma-rays as individual particles or as radiation) --- Particules (Physique nucléaire) --- Astrophysique nucléaire --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics --- Astrophysics --- Particules (physique nucléaire) --- Astrophysique nucléaire. --- Particules (physique nucléaire) --- Astrophysique nucléaire.

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Research on radiation-tolerant electronics has increased rapidly over the past few years, resulting in many interesting approaches to modeling radiation effects and designing radiation-hardened integrated circuits and embedded systems. This research is strongly driven by the growing need for radiation-hardened electronics for space applications, high-energy physics experiments such as those on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and many terrestrial nuclear applications including nuclear energy and nuclear safety. With the progressive scaling of integrated circuit technologies and the growing complexity of electronic systems, their susceptibility to ionizing radiation has raised many exciting challenges, which are expected to drive research in the coming decade. In this book we highlight recent breakthroughs in the study of radiation effects in advanced semiconductor devices, as well as in high-performance analog, mixed signal, RF, and digital integrated circuits. We also focus on advances in embedded radiation hardening in both FPGA and microcontroller systems and apply radiation-hardened embedded systems for cryptography and image processing, targeting space applications.

single event effects --- n/a --- radiation-hardening-by-design (RHBD) --- frequency divider by two --- single event upset --- Image processing --- CMOS analog integrated circuits --- FPGA --- total ionizing dose (TID) --- Impulse Sensitive Function --- soft error --- hardening by design --- radiation hardening by design --- X-rays --- Single-Event Upsets (SEUs) --- line buffer --- heavy ions --- VHDL --- FPGA-based digital controller --- radiation hardening by design (RHBD) --- radiation hardening --- SRAM-based FPGA --- proton irradiation --- ring oscillator --- sensor readout IC --- fault tolerance --- space application --- physical unclonable function --- voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) --- Ring Oscillators --- analog single-event transient (ASET) --- single event opset (SEU) --- SEB --- single event upsets --- bipolar transistor --- total ionizing dose --- protons --- triple modular redundancy (TMR) --- gain degradation --- space electronics --- saturation effect --- configuration memory --- Co-60 gamma radiation --- total ionization dose (TID) --- frequency synthesizers --- CMOS --- PLL --- TDC --- single-event upsets (SEUs) --- bandgap voltage reference (BGR) --- 4MR --- single-shot --- error rates --- Radiation Hardening by Design --- soft errors --- heavy-ions --- single-event effects (SEE) --- single event transient (SET) --- SEE testing --- proton irradiation effects --- RFIC --- single event upset (SEU) --- FMR --- ionization --- radiation tolerant --- triplex–duplex --- neutron irradiation effects --- digital integrated circuits --- single event gate rupture (SEGR) --- power MOSFETs --- ring-oscillator --- selective hardening --- voltage reference --- nuclear fusion --- TMR --- gamma-rays --- gamma ray --- instrumentation amplifier --- radiation effects --- reference circuits --- radiation-hardened --- triplex-duplex