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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Physiology --- Low grade inflammation --- Aging --- chronic diseases --- Behavioral diseases --- nutrition --- intestinal microbiota

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This uses project- and problem-based learning to help students understand the debate over the safety and efficiency of nuclear power for meeting the country's energy demands. Teams of students will apply what they learn about the science and history of nuclear energy to convey the views of particular stakeholder groups and propose solutions to the crisis.

Radiation --- Radioactive pollution --- Eleventh grade (Education) --- Study and teaching (Secondary) --- Environmental aspects

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Physiology --- Low grade inflammation --- Aging --- chronic diseases --- Behavioral diseases --- nutrition --- intestinal microbiota

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La première édition de ce livre date de 1996. Depuis lors, de nombreuses nouvelles recherches ont été réalisées. Une révision en profondeur s'imposait. C'est ce que propose cette quatrième version. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les études internationales se sont considérablement développées. Elles fournissent des données de type longitudinal, d'un grand intérêt. Elles permettent notamment d'étudier l'évolution des taux de retard dans un nombre élevé de pays et d'observer une tendance à la baisse dans la majorité d'entre eux, mais une augmentation dans quelques autres.Elles permettent aussi d'étudier la relation entre taux de retard et plusieurs paramètres (l'efficacité, l'équité, la ségrégation sociale et scolaire) au niveau des systèmes d'enseignement. Les études portant spécifiquement sur les effets du redoublement ont elles aussi connu d'importants développements débouchant sur plus de rigueur dans l'estimation des effets. Quant aux croyances des enseignants, des parents, des élèves concernant le redoublement, elles ont été l'objet d'un nombre élevé de recherches débouchant à la fois sur des résultats significatifs et de nouveaux questionnements.Enfin, la problématique de l'évaluation a connu d'importantes évolutions conceptuelles. Ecrit à plusieurs mains, ce nouvel opus fait le bilan de toutes ces évolutions en conservant les interrogations des versions précédentes. Faut-il faire redoubler ? L'école a-t-elle besoin de l'échec pour fonctionner ? Le redoublement stigmatise-t-il les élèves qui en sont l'objet ? Peut-on changer les croyances des enseignants concernant le redoublement ? Comment mettre l'évaluation au service de la réussite des élèves ? Et, en définitive, comment pourrait-on lutter contre l'échec scolaire, si on le voulait vraiment ?

Échec scolaire. --- School failure --- Redoublement de classes --- Systèmes d'enseignement --- Éducation --- Échec scolaire --- Évaluation --- Études comparatives. --- Évaluation. --- Systèmes d'enseignement --- Échec scolaire --- Éducation --- Évaluation. --- Instructional systems --- Grade repetition --- Évaluation du système scolaire. --- Échec scolaire.

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This Special Issue of Minerals presents recent, select studies that highlight advances in the fields of hydro- and biohydrometallurgy. It aims to attract the interest of readers and especially of young scientists and students in this fascinating scientific discipline. The topics addressed include the following:• Stirred reactor and heap leaching of laterites (limonitic and saprolitic), as well as iron control during atmospheric acid leaching;• Leaching of a typical porphyry copper sulfide deposit from Antofagasta, Chile, using chloride-ferrous solutions;• Leaching of chalcopyrite ores with various leaching media;• Leaching of white metal from a Teniente converter in NaCl-H2SO4 media; • Study of the galvanic effect of pyrite and arsenopyrite during the leaching of gold ores;• Leaching of marine nodules in the presence of reducing agents to extract Mn;• Bioleaching of gold ores in the presence of iodide-oxidizing bacteria;• A two-step sequential leaching process, involving bioleaching and chemical leaching, to treat apatite ores containing P and U impurities;• Bioreductive dissolution of iron minerals present in monazite in stirred reactors using Acidithiobacillus (A.) species;• Heap leaching of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) for the recovery of Zn and Cu.

n/a --- counter-current leaching --- metal extraction --- slag --- low-grade saprolitic laterite --- agglomeration --- bioleaching --- white metal --- precipitation --- iodide --- seawater --- reducing agent --- chloride --- chalcopyrite --- pyrite–arsenopyrite galvanic pair --- frontier orbital methods --- acid media --- bottom ash --- phosphorus --- manganese nodules --- waste reuse --- galvanic effect --- gold diiodide --- municipal solid waste incineration --- jarosite --- column leaching --- secondary mining --- iodide-oxidizing bacteria --- leaching --- primary sulfide copper --- heap leaching --- electrochemical --- optimization of parameters --- chloride ion --- reductive mineral dissolution --- tailings --- curing --- acid leaching --- secondary products --- uranium --- ferric ion --- Acidithiobacillus --- limonitic laterites --- iron reduction --- fluorapatite --- nitrate --- gold --- phosphate mineral --- purification --- iodine --- nickel --- sodium sulfite --- pregnant leach solution --- copper sulfide --- sulphuric acid --- laterites --- REE --- pretreatment --- triiodide --- laterite --- pyrite-arsenopyrite galvanic pair