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The assessment of external positions and exchange rates is a key mandate of the IMF. This paper presents the updated External Balance Assessment (EBA) framework—a key input in the conduct of multilaterally-consistent external sector assessments of 49 advanced and emerging market economies—following the two rounds of refinements adopted since the framework was introduced in 2012 (as described in Phillips et al., 2013). It also presents new complementary tools for shedding light on the role of structural factors in explaining external imbalances and assessing potential biases in the measurement of external positions. Remaining challenges and areas of future work are also discussed.

Balance of payments --- Foreign exchange rates --- Current account balance (International trade) --- International payments, Balance of --- Foreign exchange --- Terms of trade --- Balance of trade --- International liquidity --- Econometric models. --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- International Policy Coordination and Transmission --- International Financial Markets --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- International economics --- Currency --- Current account --- Current account balance --- Real effective exchange rates --- Capital controls --- External balance assessment (EBA) --- External position --- Capital movements --- International finance --- United States