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This report contains the 2019 Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of the Netherlands.

Taxation --- Law and legislation. --- Saudi Arabia. --- Tax laws --- Tax legislation --- Tax regulations --- Law --- Arabia saudita --- ʻArabīyah as Saʻūdīyah --- ʻArav ha-Saʻudit --- Hejaz and Nejd --- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia --- Mamlaka al-ʻArabiya as-Saʻudiya --- Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah --- Reino de Arabia Saudi --- Saudiarabien --- Saudovskai︠a︡ Aravii︠a︡ --- Sauji Arabia --- Saujiarabia --- Sha-tʻse A-la-po --- ערב הסעודית‏ --- サウディ・アラビア --- サウジアラビア --- Hejaz (Kingdom) --- Finance, Public --- Business & Economics

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Examining differing perceptions of threats and the subsequent alliance choices of two Arab states, Saudi Arabia and Syria, during three pivotal wars in the region: the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the Lebanon War (2006), and the Gaza War (2009), May Darwich analyses how ideational and material forces influence leaders' perceptions in the Middle East, and their broader international relationships. Using these comparative cases studies, Darwich advances our understanding of why, and the conditions under which, identity can play a predominant role in shaping the perception of threat in some cases, whilst material power is predominant in others. By engaging in significant debates about the role identity and material power in shaping state behaviour in the Middle East, this study has significant implications for international relations theory and beyond.

Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988 --- Lebanon War, 2006 --- Gaza War, 2008-2009 --- International relations. --- Threats. --- Hezbollah-Israel War, 2006 --- Israel-Hezbollah War, 2006 --- Israel-Lebanon War, 2006 --- July War, 2006 --- Lebanon-Israel War, 2006 --- Second Lebanon War, 2006 --- Gulf War, 1980-1988 --- Iranian-Iraqi Conflict, 1980-1988 --- Iraq-Iran War, 1980-1988 --- Iraqi-Iranian Conflict, 1980-1988 --- Persian Gulf War, 1980-1988 --- Cast Lead, Operation, 2008-2009 --- Gaza Strip War, 2008-2009 --- Operation Cast Lead, 2008-2009 --- Arab-Israeli conflict --- Social conflict --- Extortion --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Diplomatic history. --- Saudi Arabia --- Middle East --- Syria --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- Syrie --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- Arabia saudita --- ʻArabīyah as Saʻūdīyah --- ʻArav ha-Saʻudit --- Hejaz and Nejd --- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia --- Mamlaka al-ʻArabiya as-Saʻudiya --- Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah --- Reino de Arabia Saudi --- Saudiarabien --- Saudovskai︠a︡ Aravii︠a︡ --- Sauji Arabia --- Saujiarabia --- Sha-tʻse A-la-po --- ערב הסעודית‏ --- サウディ・アラビア --- サウジアラビア --- Hejaz (Kingdom) --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient