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Today, the Belgian society faces the challenge of optimally allocating its healthcare resources. To facilitate policymakers’ decisions, researchers should determine the cost-effectiveness of treatments. This kind of cost-effectiveness analyses compares a treatment’s long-term effects on a population’s health and the overall cost implications for relevant stakeholders. This paper firstly aims at investigating the existing clinical and cost-effectiveness studies concerning immunotherapy usages in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with PD-L1 testing as a guiding test strategies (in concordance with Belgian guidelines). The second part of the paper contrasts personalized second-line immunotherapy and pembrolizumab to docetaxel which is the current standard of care. The data worked with originates from the clinical trial KEYNOTE-010 that recently published a 31-month period of follow-up, which is the most extensive data source published at this time point on the subject (R. Herbst et al., 2019). A modest cost study was carried out and clinical data from the KEYNOTE-010 was extrapolated. Based on this data a partitioned survival model was constructed, through which I simulated a patient cohort for 20 years by a Loglogistic, Lognormal and generalized Gamma distribution. As a result, the immunotherapy with PD-L1 testing compared to chemotherapy is identified as a potentially cost-effective approach. This analysis supplements the literature as a first base cost-effectiveness model, with no original individual patient data at hand for NSCLC combined with PD-L1 testing in Belgium. It further identifies research gaps in Belgium to guide and stimulate further research.