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Inleiding: Protontherapie is een nieuwe vorm van radiotherapie die de laatste jaren sterk aan interesse wint. Dankzij de fysische eigenschappen van protonen is het mogelijk om tumoren heel gericht te bestralen, met het maximaal vrijwaren van de omliggende, gezonde weefsels. Protontherapie lijkt dan ook een ideale therapie voor de behandeling van hoofd-halskankers, gezien de aanwezigheid van vele kritische organen in die regio. Deze literatuurstudie gaat verder in op indicaties voor protontherapie in de behandeling van hoofd-halskanker. Resultaten: Dosimetrische studies tonen gelijkwaardigheid aan van protontherapie ten opzichte van intensiteits-gemoduleerde fotontherapie wat bestraling van het doelvolume betreft. Er is echter geen of minimale uitgangsdosis na de tumor, wat zich theoretisch vertaalt in minder toxiciteit van de behandeling en een betere levenskwaliteit voor de patiënten. Financieel gezien is er een grote initiële kost, maar gezien een reductie in toxiciteit kan bespaard worden op de behandeling hiervan. Voor pediatrische patiënten van <21 jaar geldt al langer dat protontherapie geschikt is als behandeling voor elke maligne tumor. Ook voor chordoma’s en chondrosarcoma’s is protontherapie reeds bewezen geïndiceerd. Wat tumoren van de orofaryngeale regio, paranasale sinussen, nasale holte en speekselklieren betreft, lijkt protontherapie veelbelovend, maar tot op vandaag werd nog geen superioriteit aangetoond. Discussie: Wegens gebrek aan evidentie wordt protontherapie nog niet beschouwd als medisch noodzakelijk voor de behandeling van hoofd-halstumoren. Het blijft echter een actief te onderzoeken domein. Het M.D. Anderson Cancer Center is momenteel bezig met het uitvoeren van een multicentrische, prospectieve, gerandomiseerde gecontroleerde studie, waarvan de eerste resultaten verwacht worden in 2023.
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Importance: Chronic fatigue is present in 33.0% of all head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors, this impacts their quality of life negatively. A plausible cause is obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) after HNC treatment. However, studies regarding this topic are scarce. Objective: To confirm if OSA is more prevalent after receiving radiotherapy for HNC. In addition, investigation of the predictive factors for developing OSA in this population. Design: A retrospective review of prospective data Setting: Treatment for HNC took place between 2016 and 2017 at the University Hospital of Leuven. Participants: 164 Patients were eligible for participating in this study. 65 responded (39.4%). Upon consulting their medical files, 15 patients were excluded based on the in- and exclusion criteria. Main outcome and measures: The presence of OSA was estimated using standardized questionnaires, namely the Berlin Questionnaire, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the CIS-20. This was compared to the proportion of OSA in the general population. Results: 50 patients (33 men, 17 woman) with a mean age of 64.2 years (range 32 - 88) were included. OSA was suspected in twenty. The prevalence of suspected OSA in our study group (40.0%) was significantly greater (p<0.0001) than the prevalence of OSA in the general population (8.0%). No significant risk factors could be identified. Conclusion: Patients treated for HNC are at risk of developing OSA. When complaints of fatigue and sleeping problems persist, referral to a sleep clinic is suggested. Further investigation remains necessary to identify potential risk factors along with prevention and treatment strategies.
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Introduction: Currently, up to 50% of patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) develop loco-regional recurrences after radiotherapy (RT) treatment. Resistance of cancer cells to RT plays a substantial role in the development of these loco-regional recurrences. However, the understanding of radioresistance mechanisms is limited due to the lack of appropriate study models. In this thesis, we aim to generate radiotherapy resistant (RTR) cell lines from established HNSCC cells and to characterize these isogenic radioresistant cell lines, to study RT resistance in HNSCC. Material and methods: Four established HNSCC cell lines were treated with fractionated RT, 2 Gy per fraction to a total dose of 60 Gy, to generate RTR cell lines. These RTR cell lines were subjected to a limiting dilution assay (LDA) to generate individual cell clones. Radioresistant clones were selected using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and a clonogenic assay. Possible differences in morphology, clonogenic growth and doubling time between the parental cell line and the radioresistant clones were assessed. In addition, expression levels of important DNA damage response (DDR) proteins were assessed by immunoblotting. Finally, the effect of a PARP-inhibitor and a DNApk-inhibitor, both DDR-inhibitors, in combination with RT was assessed by a SRB assay. Results: Fractionated treatment resulted in the generation of three radioresistant HNSCC cell lines. The RTR cell line with the easiest growth condition and a significant increase in RT resistance was selected for further experiments, which was RTR-SCC61. LDA resulted in 123 clones from RTR-SCC61 of which 23 clones were radioresistant. Two RTR cell clones, R61-1 and R61-4, were selected based on their radioresistant profiles. These cell clones have a similar morphology and clonogenic growth pattern compared to their parental cell line SCC61. However, the cell clones proliferate faster than the parental cell line. Differences in expression levels of DDR proteins were observed between the RTR clones and the parental cell line. Results of the combination of DDR-inhibiting drugs with RT suggest that both clones rely more on non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) for DSB repair than their parental cells. Discussion: We successfully generated two RTR cell clones, R61-1 and R61-4, with a faster proliferation rate and different DDR protein expressions compared to the parental cell line SCC61. The RTR cell clones may serve as a new model for studying radioresistance in HNSCC. In addition, the results provide important insights into the biology of acquired radioresistance in HNSCC.
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