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In this innovative study, Joshua D. Garroway offers a revised account of the origin of the all-important Christian word “gospel,” yielding significant new insights into the development of early Christian history and literature. Long thought to have originated on the lips of Jesus or his disciples, “gospel” was in fact coined by Paul midway through his career to describe his controversial new interpretation of Jesus’ death and resurrection. For nearly a decade after the crucifixion, the thoroughly Jewish Jesus movement demanded circumcision and Law observance from Gentile converts. Only in the early 40s did Paul arrive at the belief that such observance was no longer necessary, an insight he dubbed “the gospel,” or good news. The remainder of Paul’s career featured clashes with authorities over the legitimacy of the gospel, debates that continued after his death in the writings of Mark, Matthew, and Luke-Acts. These writings obscured the original context of the gospel, however, and in time the word lost its specific association with Paul and his scandalous notion of salvation outside the Law. .

Theology. --- Religion-History. --- Middle East-History. --- Christian Theology. --- History of Religion. --- History of the Middle East. --- Christian theology --- Theology --- Theology, Christian --- Christianity --- Religion --- Religion—History. --- Middle East—History.

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In this innovative study, Joshua D. Garroway offers a revised account of the origin of the all-important Christian word "gospel," yielding significant new insights into the development of early Christian history and literature. Long thought to have originated on the lips of Jesus or his disciples, "gospel" was in fact coined by Paul midway through his career to describe his controversial new interpretation of Jesus' death and resurrection. For nearly a decade after the crucifixion, the thoroughly Jewish Jesus movement demanded circumcision and Law observance from Gentile converts. Only in the early 40s did Paul arrive at the belief that such observance was no longer necessary, an insight he dubbed "the gospel," or good news. The remainder of Paul's career featured clashes with authorities over the legitimacy of the gospel, debates that continued after his death in the writings of Mark, Matthew, and Luke-Acts. These writings obscured the original context of the gospel, however,and in time the word lost its specific association with Paul and his scandalous notion of salvation outside the Law. .

Religious studies --- Christian theology --- History --- History of Asia --- religie --- theologie --- christendom --- geschiedenis --- Middle East --- Theology. --- Religion --- Christian Theology. --- History of Religion. --- History of the Middle East. --- History.

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Every year before the holiday of Sukkot, Jews all around the world purchase an etrog-a lemon-like fruit-to participate in the holiday ritual. In this book, David Z. Moster tracks the etrog from its evolutionary home in Yunnan, China, to the lands of India, Iran, and finally Israel, where it became integral to the Jewish celebration of Sukkot during the Second Temple period. Moster explains what Sukkot was like before and after the arrival of the etrog, and why the etrog's identification as the "choice tree fruit" of Leviticus 23:40 was by no means predetermined. He also demonstrates that once the fruit became associated with the holiday of Sukkot, it began to appear everywhere in Jewish art during the Roman and Byzantine periods, and eventually became a symbol for all the fruits of the land, and perhaps even the Jewish people as a whole.

Religious studies --- Jewish religion --- World history --- History --- History of Asia --- wereldgeschiedenis --- religie --- geschiedenis --- Jodendom --- Middle East --- China --- Judaism. --- Religion --- History of Religion. --- History of China. --- History of the Middle East. --- History.

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This comparative study explores the involvement of the United States in four successful military coups in Turkey and Pakistan during the Cold War. Focusing on military-to-military relations with the US in each country, the book offers insight into how external actors can impact the outcomes of coups, particularly through socialization via military training, education, and international organizations such as NATO. Drawing upon recently declassified government documents and a trove of unexplored interviews with high-ranking officials, Ömer Aslan also examines how coup plotters in both countries approached the issue of US reaction before, during, and after their coups. As armed forces have continued to make and unmake Turkish and Pakistani governments well into the twenty-first century, this volume offers original, probing analysis of the circumstances which make coups possible.

Turkey --- United States --- Foreign relations --- History, Modern. --- Middle East-History. --- Military history. --- United States-History. --- Middle East-Politics and governm. --- Modern History. --- History of the Middle East. --- History of Military. --- US History. --- Middle Eastern Politics. --- Military historiography --- Military history --- Wars --- Historiography --- History --- Naval history --- Modern history --- World history, Modern --- World history --- Middle East—History. --- United States—History. --- Middle East—Politics and government.

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This book offers a radical perspective on what are conventionally called the Islamic Conquests of the seventh century.  Placing these earthshattering events firmly in the context of Late Antiquity, it argues that many of the men remembered as the fanatical agents of Muḥammad probably did not know who the prophet was and had, in fact, previously fought for Rome or Persia.  The book applies to the study of the collapse of the Roman Near East techniques taken from the historiography of the fall of the Roman West.  Through a comparative analysis of medieval Arabic and European sources combined with insights from frontier studies, it argues that the two falls of Rome involved processes far more similar than traditionally thought.  It presents a fresh approach to the century that witnessed the end of the ancient world, appealing to students of Roman and medieval history, Islamic Studies, and advanced scholars alike.     .

Rome --- History. --- Civilization --- Middle Eastern influences. --- Middle East --- Europe-History-To 476. --- Middle East-History. --- Philology. --- Military history. --- Historiography. --- History of Ancient Europe. --- History of the Middle East. --- Classical Studies. --- History of Military. --- Historiography and Method. --- Historical criticism --- History --- Authorship --- Military historiography --- Military history --- Wars --- Historiography --- Naval history --- Criticism --- Europe—History—To 476. --- Middle East—History.