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This book presents experimental and theoretical spectroscopic studies performed over the last 25 years on the iodine molecule’s excited states and their perturbations. It is going to be of interest to researchers who study intra- and intermolecular perturbations in diatomic molecules and more complex systems. The book offers a detailed treatment of the nonadiabatic perturbations of valence, ion pair and Rydberg states induced by intramolecular as well as intermolecular interactions in collisions or in weakly-bound complexes. It also provides an overview of current instrumentation and techniques as well as theoretical approaches describing intra- and intermolecular perturbations. The authors are experts in the use of spectroscopy for the study of intrinsic and collision-induced perturbations in diatomic iodine. They introduced new methods of two- and three-step optical population of the iodine ion-pair states. The iodine molecule has 23 valence states correlating with three dissociation limits, 20 so-called ion-pair states, nestled in four tiers and a multitude of Rydberg states. All the states have different angular momenta, parities and very dense rovibronic levels. Moreover, perturbations caused by atomic or molecular partners lead to effective nonadiabatic transitions. For these reasons the authors propose this molecule as a model system for spectroscopic studies of intra- and intermolecular perturbations in other diatomic molecules.

Iodine --- Analysis. --- Physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Atomic structure. --- Molecular structure. --- Spectra. --- Microscopy. --- Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Spectrometry --- Atomic structure  . --- Molecular structure . --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Structure, Molecular --- Chemical structure --- Structural bioinformatics --- Structure, Atomic --- Atomic theory --- Analytical chemistry

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This book focuses on the characterisation of the chiral and topological nature of magnetic skyrmions in noncentrosymmetric helimagnets. In these materials, the skyrmion lattice phase appears as a long-range-ordered, close-packed grid of nearly millimetre-level correlation length, while the size of a single skyrmion is 3–100 nm. This is a very challenging range of length scales (spanning 5 orders of magnitude from tens of nm to mm) for magnetic characterisation techniques, and, to date, extensive information on this fascinating, magnetically ordered state has remained elusive. In response, this work develops novel resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS) techniques, which allow the magnetic structure, including the long-range order and domain formation, as well as microscopic skyrmion parameters, to be measured across the full range of length scales. Most importantly, using circular dichroism in REXS, the internal structure of a given skyrmion, the topological winding number, and the skyrmion helicity angle can all be unambiguously determined. These new techniques are applicable to many materials systems, and allow us to retrieve information on modulated spin structures, multiferroic order, spin-density-waves, and other forms of topological magnetic order.

Skyrme model. --- Topology. --- Magnetic materials. --- Magnetism. --- Mathematical physics --- Physics --- Electricity --- Magnetics --- Materials --- Analysis situs --- Position analysis --- Rubber-sheet geometry --- Geometry --- Polyhedra --- Set theory --- Algebras, Linear --- Skyrmions --- Chirality --- Nuclear models --- Solitons --- Magnetism, Magnetic Materials. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry

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This edition contains carefully selected contributions by leading scientists in high-resolution laser spectroscopy, quantum optics and laser physics. Emphasis is given to ultrafast laser phenomena, implementations of frequency combs, precision spectroscopy and high resolution metrology. Furthermore, applications of the fundamentals of quantum mechanics are widely covered. This book is dedicated to Nobel prize winner Theodor W. Hänsch on the occasion of his 75th birthday. The contributions are reprinted from a topical collection published in Applied Physics B, 2016.

Lasers --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- History. --- Research. --- Hänsch, T. W. --- Haensch, Theo W., --- Haensch, T. W. --- Hänsch, Theo W., --- Hänsch, Theodor W, --- Physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Quantum optics. --- Microscopy. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Quantum Optics. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Photons --- Quantum theory --- New optics --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Spectrometry --- Analytical chemistry

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This book highlights recent advances in and diverse techniques for exploring the plasma membrane’s structure and function. It starts with two chapters reviewing the history of membrane research and listing recent advances regarding membrane structure, such as the semi-mosaic model for red blood cell membranes and the protein layer-lipid-protein island model for nucleated tissue cell membranes. It subsequently focuses on the localization and interactions of membrane components, dynamic processes of membrane transport and transmembrane signal transduction. Classic and cutting-edge techniques (e.g. high-resolution atomic force microscopy and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy) used in biophysics and chemistry are presented in a very comprehensive manner, making them useful and accessible to both researchers in the field and novices studying cell membranes. This book provides readers a deeper understanding of the plasma membrane’s organization at the single molecule level and opens a new way to reveal the relationship between the membrane’s structure and functions, making it essential reading for researchers in various fields.

Chemistry. --- Spectroscopy. --- Physical chemistry. --- Cell membranes. --- Microscopy. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Membrane Biology. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Cell surfaces --- Cytoplasmic membranes --- Plasma membranes --- Plasmalemma --- Membranes (Biology) --- Glycocalyces --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Physical sciences --- Qualitative --- Biological membranes --- Biomembranes --- Biological interfaces --- Protoplasm --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Spectrometry --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Cell membranes . --- Biological physics --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Physics --- Analytical chemistry

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This book concisely illustrates the techniques of major surface analysis and their applications to a few key examples.  Surfaces play crucial roles in various interfacial processes, and their electronic/geometric structures rule the physical/chemical properties. In the last several decades, various techniques for surface analysis have been developed in conjunction with advances in optics, electronics, and quantum beams. This book provides a useful resource for a wide range of scientists and engineers from students to professionals in understanding the main points of each technique, such as principles, capabilities and requirements, at a glance. It is a contemporary encyclopedia for selecting the appropriate method depending on the reader's purpose. .

Surfaces (Technology) --- Analysis. --- Materials science. --- Spectroscopy. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Interfaces (Physical sciences). --- Thin films. --- Microscopy. --- Materials --- Materials Science. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films. --- Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films. --- Surfaces. --- Characterization of surface --- Surface analysis --- Surface characterization --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Surface chemistry --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Physics --- Qualitative --- Materials—Surfaces. --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Spectrometry --- Analytical chemistry