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Weather forecasting --- Mathematical models. --- Polar regions --- Research.

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The polar regions are the 'canary in the coal mine' of climate change: they are likely to be hit the hardest and fastest. This comprehensive textbook provides an accessible introduction to the scientific study of polar environments against a backdrop of climate change and the wider global environment. The book assembles diverse information on polar environmental characteristics in terrestrial and oceanic domains, and describes the ongoing changes in climate, the oceans, and components of the cryosphere. Recent significant changes in the polar region caused by global warming are explored: shrinking Arctic sea ice, thawing permafrost, accelerating loss of mass from glaciers and ice sheets, and rising ocean temperatures. These rapidly changing conditions are discussed in the context of the paleoclimatic history of the polar regions from the Eocene to the Anthropocene. Future projections for these regions during the twenty-first century are discussed. The text is illustrated with many color figures and tables, and includes further reading lists, review questions for each chapter, and a glossary.

Environmental monitoring --- Polar regions --- Arctic regions --- Antarctica --- Environmental conditions --- Antarctic regions --- Arctic --- Arctic Ocean Region --- Arctic, The --- Far North --- The Arctic --- Cold regions --- Environmental conditions. --- Environmental monitoring - Polar regions --- Polar regions - Environmental conditions --- Arctic regions - Environmental conditions --- Antarctica - Environmental conditions

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Marine and freshwater polar environments are characterized by intense physical forces and strong seasonal variations. The persistent cold and sometimes inhospitable conditions create unique ecosystems and habitats for microbial life. Polar microbial communities are diverse productive assemblages, which drive biogeochemical cycles and support higher food-webs across the Arctic and over much of the Antarctic. Recent studies on the biogeography of microbial species have revealed phylogenetically diverse polar ecotypes, suggesting adaptation to seasonal darkness, sea-ice coverage and high summer irradiance. Because of the diversity of habitats related to atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and the formation and melting of ice, high latitude oceans and lakes are ideal environments to investigate composition and functionality of microbial communities. In addition, polar regions are responding more dramatically to climate change compared to temperate environments and there is an urgent need to identify sensitive indicators of ecosystem history, that may be sentinels for change or adaptation. For instance, Antarctic lakes provide useful model systems to study microbial evolution and climate history. Hence, it becomes essential and timely to better understand factors controlling the microbes, and how, in turn, they may affect the functioning of these fragile ecosystems. Polar microbiology is an expanding field of research with exciting possibilities to provide new insights into microbial ecology and evolution. With this Research Topic we seek to bring together polar microbiologists studying different aquatic systems and components of the microbial food web, to stimulate discussion and reflect on these sensitive environments in a changing world perspective.

polar --- microeukaryotes --- bacteria --- microbiology --- phytoplankton --- Antarctica --- Arctic --- aquatic --- archaea --- climate change

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Marine and freshwater polar environments are characterized by intense physical forces and strong seasonal variations. The persistent cold and sometimes inhospitable conditions create unique ecosystems and habitats for microbial life. Polar microbial communities are diverse productive assemblages, which drive biogeochemical cycles and support higher food-webs across the Arctic and over much of the Antarctic. Recent studies on the biogeography of microbial species have revealed phylogenetically diverse polar ecotypes, suggesting adaptation to seasonal darkness, sea-ice coverage and high summer irradiance. Because of the diversity of habitats related to atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and the formation and melting of ice, high latitude oceans and lakes are ideal environments to investigate composition and functionality of microbial communities. In addition, polar regions are responding more dramatically to climate change compared to temperate environments and there is an urgent need to identify sensitive indicators of ecosystem history, that may be sentinels for change or adaptation. For instance, Antarctic lakes provide useful model systems to study microbial evolution and climate history. Hence, it becomes essential and timely to better understand factors controlling the microbes, and how, in turn, they may affect the functioning of these fragile ecosystems. Polar microbiology is an expanding field of research with exciting possibilities to provide new insights into microbial ecology and evolution. With this Research Topic we seek to bring together polar microbiologists studying different aquatic systems and components of the microbial food web, to stimulate discussion and reflect on these sensitive environments in a changing world perspective.

polar --- microeukaryotes --- bacteria --- microbiology --- phytoplankton --- Antarctica --- Arctic --- aquatic --- archaea --- climate change

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British interest in the Arctic has returned to heights not seen since the end of the Cold War; concerns about climate change, resources, trade, and national security are all being impacted by profound environmental and geopolitical changes happening in the Arctic. Duncan Depledge explores why it seems to have taken until now for Britain – once an ‘Arctic state’ itself – to notice how close it is to these changes, what its contemporary interests in the region are, and whether the British government’s response in the arenas of science, defence, and commerce is enough. He investigates the increasing geopolitical significance of the Arctic, providing an overview of Britain’s historical connections to the Arctic. This book will be of interest to both academics and practitioners seeking to understand contemporary British interest and activity in the Arctic.  .

Social sciences. --- Globalization. --- Global cities --- Globalisation --- Internationalization --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- International relations --- Anti-globalization movement --- Civilization --- Area studies. --- Human Geography. --- International relations. --- Area Studies. --- Polar Geography. --- Foreign Policy. --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Area research --- Foreign area studies --- Education --- Research --- Study and teaching --- Human geography. --- Polar regions. --- Great Britain --- Arctic regions --- Grande-Bretagne --- Arctique --- Environmental conditions. --- Relations extérieures --- Conditions environnementales. --- Arctic --- Arctic Ocean Region --- Arctic, The --- Far North --- The Arctic --- Polar regions