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This paper is a starting point for untangling the ways how family photographs and found bits of text can be used to build narratives out of the private sphere. They are considered as objects that carry the values of memory and belonging, and as material that can be used to bring out to the public (collective) experiences of history that are often easily overlooked as being so marginal that they are irrelevant.We start with four photos found in my family archive, and from the memory of the oral stories of my grandmother. We then embark on a brief journey that has the objective of shedding light on how a photograph and a linguistic container connect in need of creating meaning and explaining beyond the image; And on the relations that unfold between the source (being it the subject or the owner of the family photo), the artist, and the public audience. The works of contemporary photographers Martha Rosler, Jim Goldberg, Lorna Simpson, and Gillian Wearing will support these reflections.

Simpson, Lorna --- Rosler, Martha --- Wearing, Gillian --- Goldberg, Jim --- Berger, John --- Sontag, Susan

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Tennessee --- History --- Civil War --- 1861-1865 --- Juvenile fiction --- United States --- Grant --- Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson) --- 1822-1885 --- Shiloh --- Battle of --- Tenn. --- 1862

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"In this first book devoted to the genesis, failure, and lasting legacy of Ulysses S. Grant's comprehensive American Indian policy, Mary Stockwell shows Grant as an essential bridge between Andrew Jackson's pushing Indians out of the American experience and Franklin D. Roosevelt's welcoming them back in. Situating Grant at the center of Indian policy development after the Civil War, Interrupted Odyssey: Ulysses S. Grant and the American Indians reveals the bravery and foresight of the eighteenth president in saying that Indians must be saved and woven into the fabric of American life. In the late 1860s, before becoming president, Grant collaborated with Ely Parker, a Seneca Indian who became his first commissioner of Indian affairs, on a plan to rescue the tribes from certain destruction. Grant hoped to save the Indians from extermination by moving them to reservations, where they would be guarded by the U.S. Army, and welcoming them into the nation as American citizens. By so doing, he would restore the executive branch's traditional authority over Indian policy that had been upended by Jackson. In Interrupted Odyssey, Stockwell rejects the common claim in previous Grant scholarship that he handed the reservations over to Christian missionaries as part of his original policy. In part because Grant's plan ended political patronage, Congress overturned his policy by disallowing Army officers from serving in civil posts, abandoning the treaty system, and making the new Board of Indian Commissioners the supervisors of the Indian service. Only after Congress banned Army officers from the Indian service did Grant place missionaries in charge of the reservations, and only after the board falsely accused Parker of fraud before Congress did Grant lose faith in his original policy.

Stockwell explores in depth the ousting of Parker, revealing the deep-seated prejudices that fueled opposition to him, and details Grant's stunned disappointment when the Modoc murdered his peace commissioners and several tribes--the Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Sioux--rose up against his plans for them.

Though his dreams were interrupted through the opposition of Congress, reformers, and the tribes themselves, Grant set his country firmly toward making Indians full participants in the national experience. In setting Grant's contributions against the wider story of the American Indians, Stockwell's bold, thoughtful reappraisal reverses the general dismissal of Grant's approach to the Indians as a complete failure and highlights the courage of his policies during a time of great prejudice"-- "Stockwell shows how Grant was the one key figure between President Andrew Jackson, who pushed the tribes out of the American experience, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who welcomed them back in, who was the brave enough to say the Indians must be saved, not exterminated, and made citizens of the United States"--

Indians of North America --- HISTORY / United States / 19th Century. --- HISTORY / Native American. --- BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Presidents & Heads of State. --- Indian inspectors --- Government relations. --- Government policy --- Grant, Ulysses S. --- Grant, Sam, --- Grant, Hiram Ulysses, --- Grant, Ulysses Simpson, --- Grant, U. S. --- 格蘭氏, --- Relations with Indians.