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"The dark side of the genome represents vast domains of the genome that are not encoding for proteins--the basic bricks of cellular structure and metabolism. Up to 98% of the human genome is non-coding and produces so-called long non-coding RNA. Some of these non-coding RNA play fundamental roles in cellular identity, cell development and cancer progression. They are now widely studied in many organisms to understand their function. Here, we review this expanding field of research and present the broad functional diversities of those molecules and their putative fundamental and therapeutic roles. We develop the recent history of non-coding RNA, their very much debated classification and how they raise a formidable interest for developmental and tumorigenesis biology. Using classical examples and an extensive bibliography, we illustrate the most studied and attractive examples of these long non-coding RNA, how they interface with epigenetics, genome integrity and expression and what are the current models of their regulatory mechanisms."--Page 4 of cover.

Non-coding RNA --- fRNA --- Functional RNA --- ncRNA --- nmRNA --- Non-messenger RNA --- Non-translated RNA --- Noncoding RNA --- Nontranslated RNA --- Small non-messenger RNA --- Small RNA --- snmRNA --- sRNA --- Untranslated RNA --- RNA

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of small, approximately 20-22-nucleotide, non-coding RNAs that are involved in gene regulation, mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Multiple lines of evidence have indicated that miRNAs play important roles in the maintenance of biological homeostasis and that aberrant expression levels of miRNAs are involved in the onset of many diseases, including cancer. In various types of cancer, miRNAs play important roles in tumor initiation and development. Recently, miRNAs have been demonstrated to also be secreted via small endosome-derived vesicles called exosomes--which are derived from multiple cell types--including immunocytes and cancer cells. Exosomal miRNAs exert important functions in cell-to-cell communication and have been investigated as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.

RNA. --- Cancer --- Biomarkers, Pharmacological. --- Treatment.

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Les virus HTLV (Human T-cell leukemia virus) et BLV (Bovine leukemia virus) sont des rétrovirus étroitement apparentés du genre Deltarétrovirus. Tous deux sont à l’origine de maladies hématologiques agressives et fatales ayant pour cibles les lymphocytes T (HTLV) et B (BLV). En outre, HTLV est également responsable d’une maladie inflammatoire (HAM/TSP). Ces virus ont pour particularité qu’ils présentent une période de latence au cours de laquelle les individus sont considérés comme porteurs asymptomatiques. Notre hypothèse de travail postule que les transcrits antisens sont impliqués dans la répression de la transcription sens, ce qui constitue une piste quant aux mécanismes associés à l’évasion immunitaire. Les objectifs de ce travail consistent à évaluer (1) l’interaction entre les ARNs rétroviraux antisens et la déméthylase spécifique de la lysine 1 (LSD1) et (2) leur effet sur la transactivation du promoteur viral par la protéine Tax. Les résultats révèlent l’existence d’une interaction entre LSD1 et les ARNs antisens de BLV et HTLV-2, ainsi qu’un effet répresseur de LSD1 et l’ARN antisens de HTLV-1 sur la transactivation du promoteur LTR. Ces recherches sont destinées à mieux comprendre les mécanismes associés à la latence virale. The viruses HTLV (Human T-cell leukemia virus) and BLV (Bovine leukemia virus) are closely related retroviruses classified in the genus Deltaretrovirus. Both are responsible for aggressive and fatal haematological diseases that target T-cells (HTLV) or B-cells (BLV). In addition, HTLV is also responsible for an inflammatory disease (HAM/TSP). Those viruses have the particular feature of having a latency stage during which individuals are considered as asymptomatic carriers. Our working hypothesis postulates that antisense transcripts are involved in the repression of the sense transcription, which constitutes a path of the mechanisms associated to immune escape. The objectives of this study are to evaluate (1) the interaction between the antisense retroviral RNAs and the lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and (2) their effect on the transactivation of the viral promoter by the viral protein Tax. Results show the existence of an interaction between LSD1 and the BLV/HTLV-2 antisense RNAs and a repressor effect of LSD1 and HTLV-1 antisense RNA on the transactivation of the LTR promoter. This research aims to lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with viral latency.

HTLV --- BLV --- LSD1 --- RNA-immunoprecipitation --- Sciences du vivant > Biochimie, biophysique & biologie moléculaire

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This volume introduces different concepts and methods of detecting RNA in biological material in a variety of model systems. The chapters in this book discuss methods that will answer numerous biological questions that arise in the study of RNAs. Some of the topics covered in this book are single mRNA molecule detection in embryos and neurons; detection of mRNA and associated molecules by ISH-IEM on frozen sections; optimizing molecular beacons for intracellular analysis of RNA; imaging translation dynamics of single mRNA molecules in live cells; preparation of high-throughput sequencing libraries; and capturing RNA binding proteins in embryos and in cell-culture. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, RNA Detection: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for novel and experiences scientist in the expanding field of RNAs.

RNA --- ARN --- Laboratory manuals. --- Manuels de laboratoire --- Human genetics. --- Human Genetics. --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology

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The human genome, as with the genome of most organisms, is comprised of various types of mobile genetic element derived repeats. Mobile genetic elements that mobilize by an RNA intermediate, include both autonomous and non-autonomous retrotransposons, and mobilize by a “copy and paste” mechanism that relies of the presence of a functional reverse transcriptase activity. The extent to which these different types of elements are actively mobilizing varies among organisms, as revealed with the advent of Next Generation DNA sequencing (NGS).To understand the normal and aberrant mechanisms that impact the mobility of these elements requires a more extensive understanding of how these elements interact with molecular pathways of the cell, including DNA repair, recombination and chromatin. In addition, epigenetic based-mechanisms can also influence the mobility of these elements, likely by transcriptional activation or repression in certain cell types. Studies regarding how mobile genetic elements interface and evolve with these pathways will rely on genomic studies from various model organisms. In addition, the mechanistic details of how these elements are regulated will continue to be elucidated with the use of genetic, biochemical, molecular, cellular, and bioinformatic approaches. Remarkably, the current understanding regarding the biology of these elements in the human genome, suggests these elements may impact developmental biology, including cellular differentiation, neuronal development, and immune function. Thus, aberrant changes in these molecular pathways may also impact disease, including neuronal degeneration, autoimmunity, and cancer.

transposon --- genome stability --- model organisms --- reverse transcriptase --- Mobile DNA --- RNA-dependent DNA polymerase --- cellular differentiation --- retrotransposon --- DNA repair