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In the post-genomic era, many efforts have been devoted to better understanding the biological information encoded by the cell "glycome" in normal and pathologic conditions. The glycan signature of human cells plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental biological processes, which are critical for cell physiology and for cancer as well. Galectins (also worded S-type lectins) are an evolutionarily conserved family of endogenous lectins, which bind carbohydrates with high specificity. These molecules, which can be found both intracellularly and in the extracellular milieu, are functionally active in converting glycan-containing information into cell biological programs. This fashionable mechanism of signal transduction plays a relevant role in regulating several biological functions, including RNA splicing, gene transcription, cell migration and differentiation, apoptosis, immune response, and tumor growth and progression. It is not surprising, indeed, that a large number of studies on galectin-glycan interactions and galectins expression and function in human diseases have been published in the recent literature, spanning from immunology to cardiovascular medicine, from diagnostic Pathology to nuclear medicine. The aim of this Special Issue of IJMS is to collect selected contributions in the field reporting data, concepts, and new ideas, which have the potential to be translated in a clinical setting in the near future, in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other relevant human diseases.

Protein binding. --- Cancer.

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Annotation The high number of papers submitted and ultimately accepted for publication in this special issue attests the great amount of research being conducted on TSPO and its role in living cells. Thus, TSPO has become an extremely attractive subcellular biomark for the early detection of disease states overexpressing this protein and for the selective delivery to mitochondria of drugs and probes. Moreover, the effort in the design and synthesis of new, more specific and effective TSPO ligands proves to be very valuable. All these topics have been addressed in the special issue.

Carrier proteins. --- Binding proteins --- Transport proteins --- Biological transport --- Protein binding --- Proteins

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Cell Membrane --- Binding Sites. --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- metabolism. --- Binding Site --- Combining Site --- Combining Sites --- Site, Binding --- Site, Combining --- Sites, Binding --- Sites, Combining --- Protein Binding --- Protein Interaction Mapping --- Cell interaction --- Cell metabolism --- Cell membranes --- Cell interaction. --- Cell membranes. --- Cell metabolism. --- Cells --- Metabolism --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Cell surfaces --- Cytoplasmic membranes --- Plasma membranes --- Plasmalemma --- Membranes (Biology) --- Glycocalyces --- Cell-cell interaction --- Cell communication --- Cellular communication (Biology) --- Cellular interaction --- Intercellular communication