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Landscape architecture --- Cemeteries --- Burial grounds --- Burying-grounds --- Churchyards --- Graves --- Graveyards --- Memorial gardens (Cemeteries) --- Memorial parks (Cemeteries) --- Memory gardens (Cemeteries) --- Necropoleis --- Necropoles --- Necropoli --- Necropolises --- Burial --- Death care industry --- History
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It is commonly believed that in medieval and post-medieval towns and cities death outnumbered births and that these urban centres could only survive through the influx of migrants; a concept which has come to be known as the urban graveyard effect. Whether this was indeed the case for all cities and towns is still debated, but it is certain that urban citizens were more used to death that we are today. The medieval graveyards in which the deceased were interred, then still located within town limits, are an invaluable source of knowledge for reconstructing past lives. Systematic archaeological and osteoarchaeological research of urban graveyards has become the norm in the Netherlands and Belgium since the 1980s. However, many of the studies remain unpublished and larger, overarching publications in which comparisons are made between different studies are still lacking.0'The urban graveyard' presents several studies in which the results of older archaeological and osteoarchaeological research are compared to more recent excavation data from several Dutch, Belgian and Danish cities and towns. Both the archaeological data concerning burial position, orientation, and grave goods as well as osteoarchaeological data such as demographic information and pathological observations are discussed.
Archaeological physics. --- Physical archaeology --- Physics, Archaeological --- Archaeology --- Physics --- Methodology --- Cemeteries --- Human remains (Archaeology) --- Bioarchaeology --- Skeletal remains (Archaeology) --- Human skeleton --- Primate remains (Archaeology) --- Burial grounds --- Burying-grounds --- Churchyards --- Graves --- Graveyards --- Memorial gardens (Cemeteries) --- Memorial parks (Cemeteries) --- Memory gardens (Cemeteries) --- Necropoleis --- Necropoles --- Necropoli --- Necropolises --- Burial --- Death care industry --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Urban archaeology --- History
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This book provides a cross-disciplinary perspective on the degradation and deterioration of the cultural record encompassed by urban headstones located in parish churchyards. Its interdisciplinary approach allows the geomorphological analysis of rock weathering to be combined with the impacts on the cultural record, its interpretation, and management. In particular, by examining the impacts of air pollution on the weathering of these cultural markers, cross-temporal assessments can provide valuable information concerning the condition of the record and its sustainability potential as monuments of cultural heritage. Churchyards located in urban settings have grown in interest for the purposes of heritage conservation research. Specifically, headstones represent part of the historical and archaeological record and are recognised as a component of historical archaeology. They are also now approached from the standpoint of heritage conservation, either as monuments or cultural stone as well as being part of necrogeography through their address of burial and stone decay. In this brief, headstones located in parish churchyards in England and Scotland, as part of the Anglican record for the Church of England and the Presbyterian record for the Church of Scotland, were examined using non-destructive methods based on field observations since preliminary research in 2006 as part of a decadal scale (long-term) study. This multisite investigation captures the record since the 17th century, and mainly comprises limestone (England) and sandstone (Scotland) headstone markers that still remain upright. Most studied headstones appear before the 19th century, when this study’s temporal focus terminates. Seriations performed on the available record have revealed trends in style based on inscriptions, epitaphs, and motifs as well as quantified dimensions, shapes, and more. This study represents an attempt to pictorially record cultural stone and to observe cross-temporal and spatial change at various scales. As such, it offers a valuable resource for practitioners, e.g. conservators and archaeologists, as well as for students and researchers.
Geography. --- Geomorphology. --- Archaeology. --- Management. --- Cultural Management. --- Cemeteries --- Conservation and restoration. --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Geomorphic geology --- Physiography --- Physical geography --- Landforms --- Burial grounds --- Burying-grounds --- Churchyards --- Graves --- Graveyards --- Memorial gardens (Cemeteries) --- Memorial parks (Cemeteries) --- Memory gardens (Cemeteries) --- Necropoleis --- Necropoles --- Necropoli --- Necropolises --- Burial --- Death care industry --- Administration --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- Cultural property --- Cultural Resource Management. --- Protection. --- Cultural property, Protection of --- Cultural resources management --- Cultural policy --- Historic preservation --- Protection --- Government policy
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This book explains the current destruction of graves in the Islamic world and traces the ideological sources of iconoclasm in their historical perspective, from medieval theological and legal debates to contemporary Islamist movements including ISIS.
Cemeteries
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Wahhābīyah.
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Cemeteries.
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Versuchung.
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Tod.
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Störung der Totenruhe.
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Salafija.
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Mausoleum.
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Leichenschändung.
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Kultstätte.
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Islam.
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Bestattung.
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Bestattungsritus.
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Bilderstreit.
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Bildersturm.
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Friedhof.
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Grab.
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Grabmal.
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Idololatrie.
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Abgötterei
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Götzendienst
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Idolatrie
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Bilderverehrung
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Grabbau
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Grabdenkmal
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Sepulkralbau
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Sepulkralkunst
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Grablege
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Grabmonument
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Grabmäler
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Denkmal
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Grabplastik
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Epitaph
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Kenotaph
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Friedhof
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Begräbnisstätte
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Begräbnisplatz
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Grabstätte
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Gräber
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Bestattung
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Gräberfeld
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Gottesacker
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Kirchhof
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Friedhöfe
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Grabmal
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Grab
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Reformation
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Vandalismus
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Ikonomachie
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Begräbnisritus
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Bestattungsritual
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Begräbnisritual
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Grabritual
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Grabkult
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Ritus
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Beerdigung
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Begräbnis
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Beisetzung
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Leichenbegängnis
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Bestattungswesen
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Leichenwesen
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Leichen- und Bestattungswesen
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Totenbestattung
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Totenfeier
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Trauerfeier
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Trauerzeremonie
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Bestattungsritus
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Islām
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