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The present Test Guideline addresses the human health hazard endpoint skin sensitisation, following exposure to a test chemical. Skin sensitisation refers to an allergic response following skin contact with the tested chemical, as defined by the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS). This Test Guideline (TG) provides an in vitro procedure (the ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test method) used for supporting the discrimination between skin sensitisers and non-sensitisers in accordance with the UN GHS. The second key event on the adverse outcome pathway leading to skin sensitisation takes place in the keratinocytes and includes inflammatory responses as well as gene expression associated with specific cell signalling pathways such as the antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE)-dependent pathways. The test method described in this Test Guideline (ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test method) is proposed to address this second key event. The cell line contains the luciferase gene under the transcriptional control of a constitutive promoter fused with an ARE element from a gene that is known to be up-regulated by contact sensitisers. The luciferase signal reflects the activation by sensitisers of endogenous Nrf2 dependent genes. This allows quantitative measurement (by luminescence detection) of luciferase gene induction, using well established light producing luciferase substrates, as an indicator of the activity of the Nrf2 transcription factor in cells following exposure to electrophilic test substances. There are currently two in vitro ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test method covered by this Test Guideline: the KeratinoSensTM test method and the LuSens test method. Performance standards have been developed to enable the validation of similar test methods.
Environment --- financement de la dette --- dettes internationales --- pays en voie de developpement --- AA / International- internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 338.340 --- 382.256 --- 339.115 --- 338.341.1 --- schuldfinanciering --- internationale schulden --- ontwikkelingslanden --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld. --- Buitenlandse hulp (betalingsbalans). --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC. --- Financiële hulp aan de Derde Wereld. --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Buitenlandse hulp (betalingsbalans) --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC --- Financiële hulp aan de Derde Wereld
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This book contributes to the empirical literature on economic and human development from five different perspectives: the first chapter provides a new statistical test for bimodality of densities with an application to income data. The second chapter analyzes the worlds cross-country distribution of income and challenges the so called Twin Peaks-claim. The third chapter focuses on the world income distribution and resulting implications for poverty reduction, pro-poor growth and the evolution of global inequality. The fourth chapter estimates the welfare effects of recently negotiated Economic Partnership Agreements between the EU and African countries. Finally, the fifth chapter investigates whether democracy leads to higher levels of health and education.
Economic development --- Commercial treaties. --- Economic forecasting. --- Economics --- Forecasting --- Economic indicators --- Econometric models. --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- AA / International- internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- 313 --- 338.8 --- 334.153.2 --- 321.4 --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Economische groei --- Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Europees Ontwikkelingsfonds --- Democratie --- Contribution --- Cross-Country Income Distribution --- Demogracy and Human Development --- Development --- Economic --- Economic Partnership Agreements --- Empirics --- Empiricsi --- Human --- Likelihood-Ratio-Test for Bimodality --- Vollmer --- World Income Distribution
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