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This publication brings together a set of IMF papers that prepared as backgrounds for the various sessions of the conference and will help put into broader dissemination channels the results of this important conference. An official IMF publication is well disseminated into academic and institutional libraries and book channels. The IMF metadata will also make the conference papers more discoverable online.

Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Economic development --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Economic growth --- Economic theory --- Economics of Gender --- Education --- Education: General --- Employment --- Gender studies --- Inclusive growth --- Income economics --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Labor economics --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- Morocco

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Reducing gender gaps can have important economic benefits. Gender gaps remain significant on a global scale, both with respect to opportunities and outcomes. For example, gender-based legal restrictions in many parts of the world, as well as barriers in access to education, healthcare, and financial services, prevent women from fully participating in the economy. In turn, labor force participation rates are lower among women than men. Gender equality can play an important role in promoting economic stability by boosting economic productivity and growth, enhancing economic resilience, and reducing income inequality. The Fund has begun operationalizing gender issues in its work. Staff has contributed to the economic literature through country-level and cross-country analytical studies, confirming the macro-criticality of gender issues in a broad set of circumstances. Gender issues are also increasingly becoming an integral part of capacity development though technical assistance and training. And in country work, two waves of gender pilots have been completed—encompassing both surveillance and Fund-supported programs and covering all regions of the world and all levels of income—and a third wave is under way. Coverage of gender issues in staff reports should be selective and calibrated to the degree of macroeconomic significance. All teams should consider whether gender issues are relevant, taking into account also the authorities’ priorities, but with no presumption that gender issues will be covered everywhere or every year and with in-depth coverage anticipated in only a limited number of cases any year. Staff should point to macroeconomic significance where it exists, with analysis focused on aspects with economic implications and specific policy advice limited to areas where there is Fund expertise. Where relevant, country teams should leverage external expertise. This note provides an overview of good practices and resources available to staff. The note is consistent with the 2015 Guidance Note for Surveillance Under Article IV Consultations and draws also on the 2013 Guidance Note on Jobs and Growth Issues in Surveillance and Program Work. It provides examples of good practice with respect to coverage of gender issues in country reports and lays out the resources available to country teams, both with respect to existing analytical work as well as the availability of data and tools.

Economic history. --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Income economics --- Labor economics --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- India

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The economic and social imperative for women’s economic empowerment is clear. Greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development outcomes. It contributes to reducing income inequality and boosting economic diversification and, in turn, supports economic resilience. Gender equality is one of the 17 global UN Sustainable Development Goals, which provide a roadmap for ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The G7 has emphasized the need for closing the gender gap. The Taormina Leaders’ Summit in 2017 renewed the emphasis on promoting women’s empowerment, which the leaders see as a crucial contribution to promoting sustainable development. In this regard, leaders committed to mainstreaming gender equality into all their policies. This is carried forward by Canada’s G7 Presidency. With growing recognition that gender equality promotes economic stability and growth, the IMF has scaled up its work in this area and is committed to continue these efforts. Work by the IMF will focus on (i) deepening its understanding of the economic benefits of women’s empowerment, both in the labor market and through more equal opportunities for boys and girls, also against the background of persistent megatrends, including in an environment of rapid technological change; (ii) integrating the analysis into Fund policy dialogue with member countries; (iii) providing customized assistance, workshops, and peer-learning courses in areas such as gender budgeting; and (iv) expanding collaboration with other international institutions on the subject to benefit from complementary areas of expertise.

Women in economic development. --- Gender equality. --- Economics of Gender --- Education --- Education: General --- Gender budgeting --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- India

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Finance and Development.

Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Corporate crime --- Criminology --- Economics of Gender --- Education --- Expenditures, Public --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Income economics --- Income tax --- Income --- Labor economics --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Pensions --- Personal income --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Revenue administration --- Taxation --- White-collar crime --- Women --- United States

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New technologies?digitalization, artificial intelligence, and machine learning?are changing the way work gets done at an unprecedented rate. Helping people adapt to a fast-changing world of work and ameliorating its deleterious impacts will be the defining challenge of our time. What are the gender implications of this changing nature of work? How vulnerable are women’s jobs to risk of displacement by technology? What policies are needed to ensure that technological change supports a closing, and not a widening, of gender gaps? This SDN finds that women, on average, perform more routine tasks than men across all sectors and occupations?tasks that are most prone to automation. Given the current state of technology, we estimate that 26 million female jobs in 30 countries (28 OECD member countries, Cyprus, and Singapore) are at a high risk of being displaced by technology (i.e., facing higher than 70 percent likelihood of being automated) within the next two decades. Female workers face a higher risk of automation compared to male workers (11 percent of the female workforce, relative to 9 percent of the male workforce), albeit with significant heterogeneity across sectors and countries. Less well-educated and older female workers (aged 40 and above), as well as those in low-skill clerical, service, and sales positions are disproportionately exposed to automation. Extrapolating our results, we find that around 180 million female jobs are at high risk of being displaced globally. Policies are needed to endow women with required skills; close gender gaps in leadership positions; bridge digital gender divide (as ongoing digital transformation could confer greater flexibility in work, benefiting women); ease transitions for older and low-skilled female workers.

Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Automatic control engineering --- Automation --- Diffusion Processes --- Economics of Gender --- Employment --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender --- General issues --- Human Capital --- Income economics --- Innovation --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Labor Demand --- Labor economics --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor Productivity --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Occupational Choice --- Research and Development --- Sex discrimination --- Skills --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Technological Change --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Technology --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- United States