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Samuel Cohn’s critical study of two Victorian British firms represents a radically new examination of women’s work. By contrasting the Post Office, which was the first employer to use female clerks instead of males, and the Great Western Railway, one of the last employers to make this change, Cohn identifies the organizational and economic limits to female employment. The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing challenges traditional accounts of clerical feminization that invoke cultural restrictions on women’s work, human capital theory, discrimination by co-workers, and the de-skilling of jobs. Further, Cohn puts forward an alternative theory of occupational sex-typing that emphasizes the high cost of male labor, differences between organizations in their ability to tolerate discrimination, the latent contradictions within internal labor markets, and competition to women from other sources of cheap labor.

Women --- Women clerks --- Sexual division of labor --- Employment --- History. --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex role --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Clerks --- Industrial arbitration & negotiation

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This book re-evaluates and extends understandings about how work was conceived and what it could entail for women in the premodern period in Europe from c. 1100-1800. It does this by building on the impressive growth in literature on women's working experiences, and by adopting new interpretive approaches that expand received assumptions about what constituted "work" for women. While attention to the diversity of women's contributions to the economy has done much to make the breadth of women's experiences of labour visible, this volume takes a more expansive conceptual approach to the notion of work and considers the social and cultural dimensions in which activities were construed and valued as work. This interdisciplinary collection thus advances concepts of work that encompass cultural activities in addition to more traditional economic understandings of work as employment or labour for production. The chapters reconceptualise and explore work for women by asking how the working lives of historical women were enacted and represented, and analyse the relationships that shaped women's experiences of work across the European premodern period.

Frau. --- Frauenarbeit. --- Sexual division of labor --- Sexual division of labor. --- Women --- Women. --- History --- Middle Ages. --- To 1500. --- Europa. --- Europe. --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex role --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity

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In tobacco fields, auto and radio factories, cigarmakers' tenements, textile mills, print shops, insurance companies, restaurants, and bars, notions of masculinity and femininity have helped shape the development of work and the working class. The fourteen original essays brought together here shed new light on the importance of gender for economic and class analysis and for the study of men as well as women workers. After an introduction by Ava Baron addressing current problems in conceptualizing gender and work, chapters by leading historians consider how gender has colored relations of power and hierarchy-between employers and workers, men and boys, whites and blacks, native-born Americans and immigrants, as well as between men and women-in North America from the 1830s to the 1970s. Individual essays explore a spectrum of topics including union bureaucratization, protective legislation, and consumer organizing. They examine how workers' concerns about gender identity influenced their job choices, the ways in which they thought about and performed their work, and the strategies they adopted toward employers and other workers. Taken together, the essays illuminate the plasticity of gender as men and women contest its meaning and its implications for class relations. Anyone interested in labor history, women's history, and the sociology of work or gender will want to read this pathbreaking book.

Sex role in the work environment --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Sexual division of labor --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex role --- Industrial sociology --- Sexual harassment --- Work environment --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Women --- History. --- Employment --- United States --- History --- Sex roles in the work environment

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Every society throughout history has defined what counts as work and what doesn't. And more often than not, those lines of demarcation are inextricable from considerations of gender. What Is Work? offers a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding labor within the highly gendered realm of household economies. Drawing from scholarship on gender history, economic sociology, family history, civil law, and feminist economics, these essays explore the changing and often contested boundaries between what was and is considered work in different Euro-American contexts over several centuries, with an eye to the ambiguities and biases that have shaped mainstream conceptions of work across all social sectors.

Sexual division of labor --- Housekeeping --- Sex role --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Household work --- Housework --- Home economics --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex discrimination in employment --- History --- Social aspects --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- World history --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1800-1999 --- anno 2000-2099 --- Europe --- E-books --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Sex role. --- History. --- Social aspects. --- academic. --- american society. --- breadwinner. --- career. --- civil law. --- culture. --- domestic workers. --- economic sociology. --- engaging. --- essay collection. --- essyas. --- family history. --- family. --- feminist economics. --- gender history. --- gender issues. --- gender studies. --- gender. --- household economies. --- labor industrial relations. --- masculinity. --- material culture. --- political science. --- politics. --- social history. --- social issues. --- social sectors. --- sociology. --- understanding labor. --- women. --- womens issues. --- work and labor issues.

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This volume presents current research on gender studies in the specific context of the knowledge economy. Featuring contributions from the 2017 Annual Ipazia, the Scientific Observatory for Gender Studies Workshop on Gender, this book investigates gender issues and female entrepreneurship from social, economic, corporate, organizational, and management perspectives, with particular emphasis on advancing the understanding of gender in business and economic research.   The post-industrial knowledge economy is characterized by an emphasis on human capital as the real engine of sustainable growth and development. With women comprising an increasing share of the global workforce, gender studies play a central role in exploring and understanding the attitudes and skills of women in business and their impact on economic and social development. Gender inequality in public and private contexts is decreasing due to an increase of women in leadership roles in business, the expansion and diversity of females in education, and a larger presence of women in policymaking roles. Ipazia, the Scientific Observatory for Gender Studies, aims to define an updated framework of research, service and projects on women and gender relations to highlight the evolution of gender in business and economics. This volume features contributions on female-owned family business, gender diversity in organizations, gender capital, and immigration from the 2017 Ipazia workshop.

Sex discrimination in employment. --- Business. --- Knowledge management. --- Labor economics. --- Business and Management. --- Diversity Management/Women in Business. --- Knowledge Management. --- Labor Economics. --- Women's Studies. --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Sex role in the work environment --- Sexual division of labor --- Women --- Employment --- Diversity in the workplace. --- Women. --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Economics --- Management of knowledge assets --- Management --- Information technology --- Intellectual capital --- Organizational learning --- Cultural diversity in the workplace --- Cultural diversity in workforce --- Diversity in the workforce --- Diversity in the work place --- Multicultural diversity in the workplace --- Multicultural workforce --- Workforce diversity --- Multiculturalism --- Personnel management