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The establishment of feudal principalities in the Levant in the wake of the First Crusade (1095-1099) saw the beginning of a centuries-long process of conquest and colonization of lands in the eastern Mediterranean by French-speaking Europeans. This book examines different aspects of the life and literary culture associated with this French-speaking society. It is the first study of the crusades to bring questions of language and culture so intimately into conversation. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the crusader settlements in the Levant, this book emphasizes hybridity and innovation, the movement of words and people across boundaries, seas and continents, and the negotiation of identity in a world tied partly to Europe but thoroughly embedded in the Mediterranean and Levantine context.
Crusades. --- French --- History. --- Latin Orient --- Middle East --- Crusader States. --- Medieval Mediterranean. --- Medieval Studies. --- Old French. --- Postcolonial Theory.
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How psychology explains why a leader is willing to use military force to protect or salvage reputationIn Who Fights for Reputation, Keren Yarhi-Milo provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, Yarhi-Milo draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. She examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns.Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of U.S. presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, Yarhi-Milo disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, Yarhi-Milo demonstrates that a decision maker's propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage.Who Fights for Reputation offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige.
Heads of state --- International relations --- Decision making --- 1900-1999 --- United States --- United States. --- Foreign relations --- Amazon Mechanical Turk. --- American adults. --- American presidents. --- Bill Clinton. --- Cyrus Vance. --- Israeli Jewish adults. --- Jimmy Carter. --- Ronald Reagan. --- US presidents. --- US reputation. --- Zbigniew Brzezinski. --- case studies. --- crisis decision making. --- decision making. --- dispositional theory. --- foreign policy behavior. --- foreign policy. --- hawkishness. --- high self-monitors. --- international conflict. --- international crises. --- international politics. --- international relations. --- international reputation. --- leaders. --- low self-monitors. --- militarized interstate disputes. --- military action. --- military assertiveness. --- military engagement. --- military force. --- military instruments. --- military solution. --- military spending. --- national leaders. --- policy recommendations. --- political leadership. --- presidential historians. --- presidents. --- psychological dispositions. --- public prestige. --- reputation believer. --- reputation believers. --- reputation critic. --- reputation critics. --- reputation crusader. --- reputation crusaders. --- reputation for resolve. --- reputation skeptics. --- reputation. --- self-monitoring. --- state leaders. --- use of force. --- world politics.
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