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This monograph provides an account of how the synthetic nitrogen industry became the forerunner of the 20th-century chemical industry in Europe, the United States and Asia. Based on an earlier SpringerBrief by the same author, which focused on the period of World War I, it expands considerably on the international aspects of the development of the synthetic nitrogen industry in the decade and a half following the war, including the new technologies that rivalled the Haber-Bosch ammonia process. Travis describes the tremendous global impact of fixed nitrogen (as calcium cyanamide and ammonia), including the perceived strategic need for nitrogen (mainly for munitions), and, increasingly, its role in increasing crop yields, including in Italy under Mussolini, and in the Soviet Union under Stalin. The author also reviews the situation in Imperial Japan, including the earliest adoption of the Italian Casale ammonia process, from 1923, and the role of fixed nitrogen in the industrialization of colonial Korea from the late 1920s. Chemists, historians of science and technology, and those interested in world fertilizer production and the development of chemical industry during the first four decades of the twentieth century will find this book of considerable value. .

Nitrogen industries --- History --- Chemistry. --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Chemical engineering. --- Chemistry --- History of Chemistry. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- History. --- Chemical industry --- Chemistry-History. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Inorganic chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Chemistry—History. --- Chemistry, Inorganic.

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This book offers a unique perspective and novel information on the significant contributions of Russian scientists to analytical chemistry and chemical analysis. Written by the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Analytical Chemistry, it discusses various examples of new methods and approaches originating in Russia, such as chromatography, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Kumakhov X-ray optics, the Spolský effect in fluorescent analysis and important innovations in mass spectrometry, which are already widely used. Other original developments, such as the chromatomembrane and stoichiographic methods, are on their way to international recognition. Tremendous expertise in the analysis of minerals and high-purity and special-purpose substances has accumulated in Russian laboratories, and as such this book appeals to anyone interested in the development of science in Russia; to physicists, chemists, and other specialists dealing with chemical analysis; and to postgraduates and students of chemistry-related disciplines.

Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytical chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Metallurgical analysis --- Mineralogy, Determinative --- Physical sciences --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Chemistry-History. --- History. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- History of Chemistry. --- History of Science. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Bioanalytic chemistry --- Bioanalytical chemistry --- Analytical chemistry. --- Chemistry—History. --- Analytic chemistry --- Chemistry

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This book offers a survey of the historic development of selected areas of chemistry and chemical physics, discussing in detail the European, American and Russian approaches to the development of chemistry. Other key topics include the kinetics and non-linear thermodynamics of chemical reactions and mathematical modeling, which have found new applications in the theory of dynamical systems. The first observations of the periodicity of chemical reactions were lost in the mist of time. In the second half of the 19th century, the phenomenon of chemical periodicity was studied in relation to electrochemistry, solutions and colloids. Discovered in the late 19th century, Liesegang rings are still enigmatic and remain attractive for researchers. However, the discovery of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction marked the successful culmination of the efforts to find a true chemical oscillatory reaction. The book investigates chemical phenomena that were neglected in the past, but have been rediscovered, placing them into a new conceptual framework. For example, it notes that William Bray, who discovered the first oscillatory homogeneous reaction in 1921, was influenced by the first bio-mathematicians who predicted chemical oscillations in homogeneous systems.

Chemistry --- Chemical reactions --- Physical sciences --- Reactions, Chemical --- Chemical processes --- Research --- History. --- Chemistry-History. --- Chemistry. --- Thermodynamics. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- History of Chemistry. --- Popular Science in Chemistry and Materials. --- Electrochemistry. --- Soft and Granular Matter, Complex Fluids and Microfluidics. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Physics. --- Chemistry—History. --- Amorphous substances. --- Complex fluids. --- Complex liquids --- Fluids, Complex --- Amorphous substances --- Liquids --- Soft condensed matter --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural

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This Brief takes the reader on a chemical journey by following the history for over two centuries of how an opiate became an opioid, thus spawning an empire and a series of crises. These imperfect resemblances of alkaloids are both natural and synthetic substances that, particularly in America, are continually part of a growing concern about overuse. This seemed an inviting prospect for those in pain, but as the ubiquitous media coverage continues to lay bare, the levels of abuse point to the fact that perhaps an epidemic is upon us, if not a culture war. Seeking answers to how and why this addiction crisis transpired over two hundred years of long development, this Brief examines the role that the chemistry laboratory played in turning patients into consumers. By utilizing a host of diverse sources, this Brief seeks to trace the design and the production of opioids and their antecedents over the past two centuries. From the isolation and development of the first alkaloids with morphine that relieved pain within the home and on the battlefield, to the widespread use of nostrums and the addiction crisis that ensued, to the dissemination of drugs by what became known as Big Pharma after the World Wars; and finally, to competition from home-made pharmaceuticals, the progenitor was always, in some form, a type of chemistry lab. At times, the laboratory pressed science to think deeply about society's maladies, such as curing disease and alleviating pain, in order to look for new opportunities in the name of progress. Despite the best intentions opioids have created a paradox of pain as they were manipulated by creating relief with synthetic precision and influencing a dystopian vision. Thus, influence came in many forms, from governments, from the medical community, and from the entrepreneurial aspirations of the general populace. For better, but mostly for worse, all played a role in changing forever the trajectory of what started with the isolation of a compound in Germany. Combining chemistry and history in a rousing new long-form narrative that even broadens the definition of a laboratory, the origins and future of this complicated topic are carefully examined.

Chemistry. --- Pharmacology. --- Organic chemistry. --- Chemistry --- Psychopharmacology. --- Medicine --- History of Chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- History of Medicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- History. --- Narcotics --- Drug addiction --- Overdose --- Addiction to drugs --- Drug dependence --- Drug dependency --- Drug habit --- Narcotic addiction --- Narcotic habit --- Narcotics addiction --- Drug abuse --- Opiates --- Central nervous system depressants --- Chemistry-History. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Medicine. --- Toxicology. --- Behavioral pharmacology --- Drugs --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacology --- Psychotropic drugs --- Chemicals --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Organic chemistry --- Psychotropic effects --- Toxicology --- Health Workforce --- Chemistry—History. --- Medicine—History. --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect