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In the last few years, the cryptocurrency bitcoin has repeatedly made worldwide headlines with its fluctuations in value and the uncertainty regarding the legal framework under which it operates. While bitcoin has swiftly become the foremost example of a virtual currency, it is by no means the only one. In-game currencies and currencies used as part of a loyalty scheme are examples as of other forms of virtual currencies. Moreover, new forms of virtual currency used mainly for investment purposes-derived from cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin-are rapidly gaining hold. This book focuses on the legal aspects of virtual currencies from the perspective of financial and economic law. It establishes a typology of virtual currencies and assesses whether they can be considered as money. The author analyzes whether the EU legal frameworks on electronic money, payment services, anti-money laundering, and markets in financial instruments can be applied to virtual currencies. A functional comparison is made to the US, where more regulatory initiative has been identified. The book concludes by answering the question of whether-and how-virtual currencies should be regulated within the EU.

Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Economic law --- Financial law --- European Union --- United States --- Cryptomonnaie --- Commerce électronique --- Monnaie électronique --- Dématérialisation (informatique) et droit --- Systèmes de paiement --- Droit --- Études comparatives --- Bitcoin, Change, Economie, Fintech, Transforming, Verandering, VR --- BPB1809 --- Bitcoin --- Elektronisch betaalmiddel --- Cryptovaluta --- Electronic funds transfers --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé --- Law and legislation --- Bitcoin, Change, Economie, Fintech, Transforming, Verandering, VR. --- Dématérialisation (informatique) et droit. --- Droit. --- E-books --- flus elettroniċi --- elektroniskā nauda --- elektroniska pengar --- elektroninen raha --- ríomh-airgead --- elektronisches Geld --- elektroninis lėšų pervedimas --- dinero electrónico --- elektronički novac --- електронни пари --- elektronraha --- elektronski denar --- elektroniske penge --- moneta elettronica --- електронски пари --- elektronisch betaalmiddel --- monedă electronică --- elektronické peníze --- elektronikus pénz --- pieniądz elektroniczny --- електронски новац --- electronic money --- ηλεκτρονικό χρήμα --- elektronické peniaze --- moeda eletrónica --- carta multifunzionale --- kartë debiti --- monetica --- credit card --- ηλεκτρονική συναλλαγή --- bankkártya --- elektroninis pinigų pervedimas --- platobná karta --- kreditna kartica --- kartë pagese --- karta univerzálna --- Kreditkarte --- carte à débit différé --- Scheckkarte --- betaalkaart --- elektronikus pénztárca --- pankkikortti --- e-pengar --- platna kartica --- carta bancaria --- elektronische betaling --- pago electrónico --- monétique --- carta assegni --- luottokortti --- porte-monnaie électronique --- e-money payment --- cartão bancário --- Chargekarte --- ηλεκτρονικό μέσο πληρωμής --- карта с отложен дебит --- e-betalning --- cartão de pagamento --- pagamento eletrónico --- sparán leictreonach --- pangakaart --- kreditní karty --- elektronska denarnica --- cartão de levantamento --- carte de paiement --- elektronická peněženka --- χρεωστική κάρτα --- portofel electronic --- gotovinska kartica --- mitmeotstarbeline kaart --- elektroniniai pinigai --- debetní karta s odloženým debetováním --- card cu funcție de debit amânat --- κάρτα πολλαπλών υπηρεσιών --- krediitkaart --- maksukortti --- karta do bankomatu --- carta di prelievo in contanti --- sularahakaart --- ηλεκτρονικό πορτοφόλι --- cárta muirir --- e-nauda --- payment card --- monedero electrónico --- mokėjimo kortelė --- debetkarte --- carte de crédit --- cash card --- πληρωμή με ηλεκτρονικό μέσο --- järelmaksukaart --- elektronisk betaling --- (trgovinska/nakupovalna) kreditna kartica --- tarjeta de crédito --- debetná karta s odloženým debetovaním --- dinheiro electrónico --- chipknip --- kreditkort --- porta-moedas electrónico --- kartë krediti --- maksuaikakortti --- e-pieniądz --- kredietkaart --- cárta creidmheasa --- forudbetalt kort --- monitoimikortti --- paiement électronique --- terhelési kártya --- tarjeta bancaria --- mokėjimas elektroniniais pinigais --- carta di pagamento --- betéti kártya --- atidėto debeto kortelė --- rahakortti --- pagamento em moeda eletrónica --- argent électronique --- moneta digitale --- elektroniskie pārskaitījumi --- τραπεζική κάρτα --- portmoni elettroniku --- cartão multisserviço --- E-Geld --- платежна карта --- grynųjų pinigų kortelė --- betalkort --- peňažná karta --- Debitkarte --- tarjeta de débito diferido --- e-raha makse --- köpkort --- debito kortelė --- pinpas --- carte bancaire --- maksājumu karte --- elektronická peňaženka --- elektronisch geld --- kort med forskudt debetfunktion --- girobetaalkaart --- e-penge --- kredītkarte --- förbetalt kontantkort --- cartão de débito diferido --- pagamento con moneta elettronica --- elektronikus fizetési eszköz --- købekort --- multiservices card --- plačilna kartica z odloženim plačilom --- e-denar --- card de numerar --- elektronische portemonnee --- univerzální kreditní karty --- e-money --- e-naudas maksājums --- bankomato kortelė --- дебитна картичка --- carte accréditive --- paiement en monnaie électronique --- bankkort --- elektronikus fizetés --- electronic purse --- hævekort --- intelligente Scheckkarte --- platba elektronickými penězi --- κάρτα πληρωμής --- sähköinen raha --- elektroninė piniginė --- atliktā maksājuma karte --- e-novac --- kartë autobankare --- atliktā maksājuma debetkarte --- elektronisk betalning --- maksekaart --- carta di credito --- банкова карта --- bankkaart --- електронски пренос на парични средства --- kontantkort --- borsellino elettronico --- e-raha --- kreditná karta --- carte de credit --- carta di debito --- carta di debito differito --- hitelkártya --- debetná karta --- elektroniskais maks --- elektronikus pénzátutalás --- platba elektronického peňažníctva --- tarjeta de débito --- elektroniczna portmonetka --- auto-bank card --- betalingskort --- Smart Card --- peněžní karta --- plačilo z elektronskim denarjem --- delayed debit card --- debit card --- debetkaart --- плащане с електронни пари --- automaattikortti --- úvěrové karty --- plată cu monedă electronică --- edasilükatud deebetfunktsiooniga kaart --- debitna kartica --- πιστωτική κάρτα --- elektronische Zahlung --- elektronické platby --- charge card --- charge karta --- cartão de débito --- cartão de crédito --- elektronische Geldbörse --- carte multiservices --- forudbetalt betalingskort --- halasztott fizetésű betéti kártya --- universalioji kortelė --- Chipkarte --- e-pengebetaling --- platební karty --- e-geld --- kredito kortelė --- bankpas --- defered debit card --- tarjeta monedero --- кредитна картичка --- pagamento elettronico --- deebetkaart --- Actes juridiques électroniques. --- Monnaie électronique --- Etats-Unis --- Currency question

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‘WTF is Blockchain', dacht Gerrie Smits een paar jaar geleden. Hij had al veel nieuwe technologieën zien passeren, maar geen enkele had hem ooit 's nachts wakker gehouden. Dit was anders. Blockchain had de eigenschappen om impact te hebben op een fundamenteel niveau: op hoe bedrijven functioneren, op de toegevoegde waarde van middlemen, op basis-concepten als geld, vertrouwen en identiteit, zelfs op de manier waarop we als mensen samenwerken en -leven. Dit was WTF, Waarschijnlijk Toch Fundamenteel. Vandaar dit boek. Om op een niet-technische manier uit te leggen wat blockchain nu eigenlijk is. Om aan te geven waar blockchain nu eigenlijk voor gebruikt kan worden. En vooral om handvaten aan te bieden, zodat een brede groep mensen, vanuit hun eigen kennis en ervaring, mee kunnen beginnen denken. Want het hele blockchain-verhaal is nog maar net uit de wieg gekropen. En ook al heeft het veel potentieel, het is belangrijk dat niet-technische mensen meedenken, meedoen en mee vragen stellen. En niet blijven hangen bij bitcoin en rijk worden.

Money. Monetary policy --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- gegevensopslag --- elektronisch geldverkeer --- internet --- geldhandel --- computerbeveiliging --- Blockchain --- Internet --- Technologiemanagement --- PXL-Business 2018 --- economische ontwikkeling --- blockchain --- Blockchain. --- BPB9999. --- blockchain, technologie, transforming, innovatie --- BPB1804 --- information --- technologie --- gegevensbescherming --- Économie de la connaissance --- Monnaie électronique --- flus elettroniċi --- elektroniskā nauda --- elektroniska pengar --- elektroninen raha --- ríomh-airgead --- elektronisches Geld --- elektroninis lėšų pervedimas --- dinero electrónico --- elektronički novac --- електронни пари --- elektronraha --- elektronski denar --- elektroniske penge --- moneta elettronica --- електронски пари --- elektronisch betaalmiddel --- monedă electronică --- elektronické peníze --- elektronikus pénz --- pieniądz elektroniczny --- електронски новац --- electronic money --- ηλεκτρονικό χρήμα --- elektronické peniaze --- moeda eletrónica --- carta multifunzionale --- kartë debiti --- monetica --- credit card --- ηλεκτρονική συναλλαγή --- bankkártya --- elektroninis pinigų pervedimas --- platobná karta --- kreditna kartica --- kartë pagese --- karta univerzálna --- Kreditkarte --- carte à débit différé --- Scheckkarte --- betaalkaart --- elektronikus pénztárca --- pankkikortti --- e-pengar --- platna kartica --- carta bancaria --- elektronische betaling --- pago electrónico --- monétique --- carta assegni --- luottokortti --- porte-monnaie électronique --- e-money payment --- cartão bancário --- Chargekarte --- ηλεκτρονικό μέσο πληρωμής --- карта с отложен дебит --- e-betalning --- cartão de pagamento --- pagamento eletrónico --- sparán leictreonach --- pangakaart --- kreditní karty --- elektronska denarnica --- cartão de levantamento --- carte de paiement --- elektronická peněženka --- χρεωστική κάρτα --- portofel electronic --- gotovinska kartica --- mitmeotstarbeline kaart --- elektroniniai pinigai --- debetní karta s odloženým debetováním --- card cu funcție de debit amânat --- κάρτα πολλαπλών υπηρεσιών --- krediitkaart --- maksukortti --- karta do bankomatu --- carta di prelievo in contanti --- sularahakaart --- ηλεκτρονικό πορτοφόλι --- cárta muirir --- e-nauda --- payment card --- monedero electrónico --- mokėjimo kortelė --- debetkarte --- carte de crédit --- cash card --- πληρωμή με ηλεκτρονικό μέσο --- järelmaksukaart --- elektronisk betaling --- (trgovinska/nakupovalna) kreditna kartica --- tarjeta de crédito --- debetná karta s odloženým debetovaním --- dinheiro electrónico --- chipknip --- kreditkort --- porta-moedas electrónico --- kartë krediti --- maksuaikakortti --- e-pieniądz --- kredietkaart --- cárta creidmheasa --- forudbetalt kort --- monitoimikortti --- paiement électronique --- terhelési kártya --- tarjeta bancaria --- mokėjimas elektroniniais pinigais --- carta di pagamento --- betéti kártya --- atidėto debeto kortelė --- rahakortti --- pagamento em moeda eletrónica --- argent électronique --- moneta digitale --- elektroniskie pārskaitījumi --- τραπεζική κάρτα --- portmoni elettroniku --- cartão multisserviço --- E-Geld --- платежна карта --- grynųjų pinigų kortelė --- betalkort --- peňažná karta --- Debitkarte --- tarjeta de débito diferido --- e-raha makse --- köpkort --- debito kortelė --- pinpas --- carte bancaire --- maksājumu karte --- elektronická peňaženka --- elektronisch geld --- kort med forskudt debetfunktion --- girobetaalkaart --- e-penge --- kredītkarte --- förbetalt kontantkort --- cartão de débito diferido --- pagamento con moneta elettronica --- elektronikus fizetési eszköz --- købekort --- multiservices card --- plačilna kartica z odloženim plačilom --- e-denar --- card de numerar --- elektronische portemonnee --- univerzální kreditní karty --- e-money --- e-naudas maksājums --- bankomato kortelė --- дебитна картичка --- carte accréditive --- paiement en monnaie électronique --- bankkort --- elektronikus fizetés --- electronic purse --- hævekort --- intelligente Scheckkarte --- platba elektronickými penězi --- κάρτα πληρωμής --- sähköinen raha --- elektroninė piniginė --- atliktā maksājuma karte --- e-novac --- kartë autobankare --- atliktā maksājuma debetkarte --- elektronisk betalning --- maksekaart --- carta di credito --- банкова карта --- bankkaart --- електронски пренос на парични средства --- kontantkort --- borsellino elettronico --- e-raha --- kreditná karta --- carte de credit --- carta di debito --- carta di debito differito --- hitelkártya --- debetná karta --- elektroniskais maks --- elektronikus pénzátutalás --- platba elektronického peňažníctva --- tarjeta de débito --- elektroniczna portmonetka --- auto-bank card --- betalingskort --- Smart Card --- peněžní karta --- plačilo z elektronskim denarjem --- delayed debit card --- debit card --- debetkaart --- плащане с електронни пари --- automaattikortti --- úvěrové karty --- plată cu monedă electronică --- edasilükatud deebetfunktsiooniga kaart --- debitna kartica --- πιστωτική κάρτα --- elektronische Zahlung --- elektronické platby --- charge card --- charge karta --- cartão de débito --- cartão de crédito --- elektronische Geldbörse --- carte multiservices --- forudbetalt betalingskort --- halasztott fizetésű betéti kártya --- universalioji kortelė --- Chipkarte --- e-pengebetaling --- platební karty --- e-geld --- kredito kortelė --- bankpas --- defered debit card --- tarjeta monedero --- кредитна картичка --- pagamento elettronico --- deebetkaart --- economia della conoscenza --- znalostní ekonomika --- teadmusmajandus --- ekonomija mmexija mill-għerf u l-innovazzjoni --- osaamistalous --- gospodarstvo temeljeno na znanju --- znalostná ekonomika --- ekonomi e dijes --- geilleagar eolasbhunaithe --- ekonomija znanja --- economia cunoașterii --- economía del conocimiento --- kenniseconomie --- videnbaseret økonomi --- економија базирана на знаење --- kunskapsbaserad ekonomi --- tudásgazdaság --- žinių ekonomika --- научно основана икономика --- οικονομία της γνώσης --- економија заснована на знању --- gospodarka oparta na wiedzy --- wissensbasierte Wirtschaft --- economia do conhecimento --- zināšanu ekonomika --- knowledge economy --- võrgumajandus --- digital ekonomi --- hospodářství založené na znalostech --- économie numérique --- zināšanu virzīta ekonomika --- digitale Wirtschaft --- digital økonomi --- knowledge-based economy --- net-economía --- digitaalinen talous --- vidensøkonomi --- na znanju vodeno gospodarstvo --- cibereconomia --- e-economía --- economia digitale --- economía del saber --- verkkotalous --- eEconomia --- digitaalne majandus --- e-economia --- teadmuspõhine majandus --- ψηφιακή οικονομία --- e-ekonomi --- η-Οικονομία --- teadmistepõhine majandus --- ekonomi e shtyrë nga dija --- knowledge-driven economy --- tietotalous --- znalostní hospodářství --- net-economia --- E-Wirtschaft --- tudás vezette gazdaság --- e-economie --- net-οικονομία --- economia do saber --- netéconomie --- žiniomis pagrįsta ekonomika --- economía digital --- sähköinen kauppa --- nieuwe economie --- економија основана на знаење --- економија на знаење --- e-økonomi --- economía electrónica --- mokslo imli ekonomika --- cibereconomía --- digitale economie --- uz zināšanām balstīta ekonomika --- internetøkonomi --- nätekonomi --- neteconomia --- tudásalapú gazdaság --- economia del sapere --- ekonomika založená na poznatkoch --- économie du savoir --- economia digital --- e-économie --- ekonomi e mbështetur te dija --- e-majandus --- ekonomija temeljena na znanju --- ekonomija żviluppata --- ekonomika založená na znalostech --- gospodarstvo znanja --- net-économie --- Интернет --- internetas --- idirlíon --- internets --- интернет --- webb --- an tIdirlíon --- tīmeklis --- veeb --- faqe web --- světová počítačová síť --- svjetska računalna mreža --- web --- međumrežje --- www --- világháló --- informatie --- protection des données --- BPB9999 --- ict --- organisaties --- Blockchain voor beginners --- Idirlíon --- Monnaie électronique --- Économie de la connaissance