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This book provides a comprehensive review of the biogeochemistry in the Baltic Sea. It is based on the fact that biogeochemical processes that are relevant for the ecological state of the Baltic Sea (and other sea areas), are all in some way related to the production and mineralization of organic matter (biomass) and thus are associated with the consumption or release of CO2. The significant progress with regard to our chemical analytical capabilities concerning the marine CO2 system has facilitated new approaches to study the Baltic Sea biogeochemistry, in particular with regard to a quantitative process understanding. To demonstrate this, the authors present the fundamentals of the marine CO2 system in a theoretically sound, but still intelligible way. This is followed by a comprehensive presentation of our current knowledge about the CO2 system in the Baltic Sea and the implications for our understanding of biogeochemical processes such as production/mineralization of organic matter and the stoichiometry involved, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and phosphate transformations at varying redox conditions. Finally, the CO2 gas exchange balance and related problems such as acidification are addressed.

Analytical chemistry --- Geochemistry --- Hydrosphere --- Biogeography --- Analytical biochemistry --- geochemie --- biomassa --- biogeografie --- analytische chemie --- oceanografie --- optica --- Baltic Sea

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"This volume addresses the history of saints and sainthood in the Middle Ages in the Baltic Region, with a special focus on the cult of saints in Russia, Prussia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, and Latvia (more commonly referred to in the Middle Ages as Livonia)."--

Christian saints --- Christian hagiography --- Church history --- Cult --- History --- Baltic Sea Region --- Livonia --- Christian saints - Cult - Baltic Sea Region - Congresses --- Christian saints - Cult - Livonia - Congresses --- Christian saints - Cult - Scandinavia - Congresses --- Christian hagiography - History - To 1500 - Congresses --- Church history - Middle Ages, 600-1500 - Congresses --- Pays baltes --- Saints --- Baltic Sea Region - Church history - Congresses --- Livonia - Church history - Congresses

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The focus of this publication is the uniqueness of the Baltic Sea from a legal perspective, and the regulatory voids that result from the multiple layers of regulation this area is subjected to: up to six layers of regulation (general international law, regional conventions, EU law, national laws, local and municipal rules plus a whole range of non-binding norms and other 'soft law' arrangements) act in parallel. However, a large number of rules or regulatory layers does not in itself ensure effectiveness or consistency. When the regulatory landscape is approached from the point of view of individual substantive topics, it is apparent that the norms of different regulatory layers entail both overlaps, gaps and uncertainties, differently for each topic. This publication addresses a selection of topics that are decidedly international in nature, but for which current international and EU rules include important gaps or uncertainties. In addition to presenting a set of legal analyses of topical issues for the region, which in itself is a meritorious objective in view of the relative scarcity of legal studies with a focus on the Baltic Sea, the publication also seeks to analyze the regulatory 'anatomy' of the selected issues in more detail. Through the legal analyses the chapters explore how regulatory gaps are formed, how they are filled, how the rules of the different layers work together and interact with each other in the selected areas. Accordingly, the secondary ambition is to explore, through the chapters, whether more general conclusions can be drawn about the nature of the regulatory gaps and multi-layerism in order to produce a better understanding of how regulations on multiple levels operate in practice.

European law --- International private law --- International law --- Transport law --- Environmental law --- Hydrobiology --- Hunting. Fishery. Aquaculture --- aquacultuur --- hydrobiologie --- water --- Europees recht --- internationaal recht --- internationaal privaatrecht --- wetenschappen --- zeerecht --- milieurecht --- milieupolitiek --- Baltic Sea --- Europe

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This book is about security challenges in the Baltic Sea region caused by Russia's resurgence. NATO and neutral states in the region are now concerned about an external threat for the first time since the demise of the Soviet Union. Russia has been probing air space, maritime boundaries, and even land borders from the Baltic republics to Sweden; the example of Russia's undermining of Ukraine and annexation of Crimea worries former Soviet republics with Russian minority populations; neutral Sweden and Finland may consider joining NATO; and the Trump presidency has created some doubt about America's willingness to follow through on NATO's collective defense commitment. This volume brings together an international group of contributors to examine Baltic security issues on a state-by-state basis and to contemplate what is needed to deter Russia in the region.

BALTIC STATES--STRATEGIC ASPECTS --- BALTIC STATES--NATIONAL SECURITY --- NATO--BALTIC STATES --- RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--BALTIC STATES --- BALTIC STATES--FOREIGN RELATIONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- North Atlantic Treaty Organization --- Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord. --- Baltic Sea Region --- Baltique (région) --- Scandinavia --- Scandinavie --- Europe, Northern --- Europe du Nord --- Russia (Federation) --- Russie --- Strategic aspects. --- Aspect stratégique --- Relations --- Baltic Sea --- Aspect stratégique. --- Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord

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This book is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Predicting the time needed to complete a project, task or daily activity can be difficult and people frequently underestimate how long an activity will take. This book sheds light on why and when this happens, what we should do to avoid it and how to give more realistic time predictions. It describes methods for predicting time usage in situations with high uncertainty, explains why two plus two is usually more than four in time prediction contexts, reports on research on time prediction biases, and summarizes the evidence in support of different time prediction methods and principles. Based on a comprehensive review of the research, it is the first book summarizing what we know about judgment-based time predictions. Large parts of the book are directed toward people wishing to achieve better time predictions in their professional life, such as project managers, graphic designers, architects, engineers, film producers, consultants, software developers, or anyone else in need of realistic time usage predictions. It is also of benefit to those with a general interest in judgment and decision-making or those who want to improve their ability to predict and plan ahead in daily life.

Earth Sciences. --- Earth System Sciences. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Geography. --- Géographie --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Physical Geography --- Climatic changes --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Environmental aspects --- Earth sciences. --- Physical geography. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Sciences --- Baltic sea --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Baltiĭskoe more --- Baltiskoye more --- Baltiyskoye more --- East Sea (Europe) --- Mare Suevicum --- Ostsee (Europe) --- Natural sciences --- Behavioral/Experimental Economics --- Human Resource Management --- Project Management --- Software Management --- Behavioral Economics --- Management --- IT in Business --- time predictions --- human judgement --- overoptimism --- uncertainty --- open acces --- Behavioural economics --- Personnel & human resources management --- Business mathematics & systems --- Business applications --- Behavioral economics. --- Personnel management. --- Project management. --- Management information systems. --- Behavioral/Experimental Economics. --- Human Resource Management. --- Project Management. --- Software Management. --- Atmospheric science. --- Economics --- Psychological aspects.