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Gender equality is a core development objective in its own right, and it is also a smartdevelopment policy. Gender equality is also a key pathway to ensure lasting poverty reductionand shared prosperity. Identifying the main gender gaps a country faces across differentdomains, contributes to better inform policy design. To that effect, this report seeks to identifywhere progress has been achieved with regard to increasing opportunities for women and menin Turkey and where further policy action is required. It focuses on three areas that are criticalfor gender-equal access to opportunities, namely endowments such as health and education;economic opportunities, such as access to labor, land and financial markets; and agency,including norms, representation, and freedom from violence. The report takes advantage of different sources of publicly available data for the country, including the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI), the Global Financial Inclusion (FINDEX) Database, the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), the World Health Organization (WHO) Statistics, as well as data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and others. National surveys by the Turkish Statistical Institute include the Income and Living Conditions Survey (SILC) 2015, the Turkish Labor Force Survey (LFS) 2016 and the Household Budget Survey (HBS). In addition, the Ministry of Family and Social Policies (MoFSP) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies conducted the National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey. The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) collected by the Ministry of Development (MoD) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, and the Research on Family Structure in Turkey (TAYA) by MoFSP were also used. The report aims to provide a panorama of the prevailing gender gaps and areas for work to close those gaps in the country, covering a wide range of outcomes.

Access to Finance --- Employment --- Gender --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor --- Violence Against Women

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One important barrier to insurance markets that are more inclusive is the necessity to better understand the needs of low-income and other un- and underserved populations. These people are not currently clients of insurers and are difficult for insurers to reach through normal operations. As a result, many well-motivated efforts to provide client solutions can fail because of a misunderstanding or lack of understanding of the client's situation. This publication explores the situation in Ethiopia where the population has unserved needs that can be met with affordable products they actually want. The results show a clear gap between the effects of various financial shocks and households' ability to cope with them and a clear gap of unmet but insurable risks. The results also show that experience with and knowledge of insurance is very low, but this can be leveraged as an opportunity. This study, along with applying generally accepted wisdom, could help innovations in microinsurance more likely to succeed.

Access to Finance --- Consumer Protection --- Financial Literacy --- Inequality --- Insurance --- Long-Term Finance --- Mortality --- Risk Management

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This review of gender issues aims to uncover the main gender gaps in the country, and to identify potential policy recommendations that could help closing them in the coming years.The note is an input to the development of a Gender Action Plan for the Andean Countries under the Gender Analysis Work Program. The note lays out a descriptive overview of gender gaps in endowments, economic opportunities and agency the explanation of the observed situation is outside the scope of this note.This note applies the analytical framework devised by the WDR 2012 on Gender Equality and Development. Chapter one covers the legal and institutional framework and the issue of the agency of women - e.g. political representation and violence against women, time use, and attitudes towards women; Chapter two provides an overview the situation with regards to the main endowments of health and education; and Chapter three deals with the existing gender gaps in economic opportunity - labor force participation and unemployment, the quality of employment, earnings, entrepreneurship and access to finance.The draft review is the result of the first stage in the assessment process. The note mainly reflects an initial descriptive exercise, and will be revised after the completion of stakeholder consultations in the countries; the results of such consultations will not only help identify additional literature and research on specific issues, but also help prioritize the key gender gaps to be addressed based on the way discussions on the issue are currently taking place in the country.

Access to Finance --- Agency --- Educational Attainment --- Employment --- Fertility --- Legal Framework --- Maternal Mortality --- Social Norms --- Violence Against Women --- Women's Empowerment

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This review of gender issues aims to uncover the main gender gaps in the country, and to identify potential policy recommendations that could help closing them in the coming years. The note is an input to the development of a Gender Action Plan for the Andean Countries under the Gender Analysis Work Program.The note lays out a descriptive overview of gender gaps in endowments, economic opportunities and agency - the explanation of the observed situation is outside the scope of this note.The note applies the analytical framework devised by the WDR 2012 on Gender Equality and Development. Chapter one covers the legal and institutional framework and the issue of the agency of women - e.g. political representation and violence against women, time use, and attitudes towards women; Chapter two provides an overview the situation with regards to the main endowments of health and education; and Chapter three deals with the existing gender gaps in economic opportunity labor force participation and unemployment, the quality of employment, earnings, entrepreneurship and access to finance.The review presented here is the result of the first stage in the assessment process.This note mainly reflects an initial descriptive exercise, and will be revised after the completion of stakeholder consultations in the countries; the results of such consultations will not only help identify additional literature and research on specific issues, but also help prioritize the key gender gaps to be addressed based on the way discussions on the issue are currently taking place in the country.

Access to Finance --- Agency --- Educational Attainment --- Employment --- Fertility --- Legal Framework --- Maternal Mortality --- Social Norms --- Violence Against Women --- Women's Empowerment

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Micro and small enterprise (MSME) insolvency is particularly likely to impact not only the business, but also the personal and family life of the owner-operator(s) of such businesses, raising particular concerns that apply much less frequently in the context of corporate insolvency. This report refines and expands on the earlier deliberations of the Insolvency and Creditor or Debtor Regimes Task Force (ICR Task Force) regarding the optimal approaches for treating MSME insolvency. As a matter of terminology, it should be stressed that the term MSME in this report is intended to cover both individual natural persons and juridical business entities, unless specifically stated.This means that the size of an MSME differs from country to country and even industry to industry, making comparisons between jurisdictions and global standard-setting difficult. The scope of this report is designed to be nonprescriptive and dynamic across countries and contexts. Accordingly, this report aims to consider rescue and restructuring for all viable MSMEs, with the objective of preserving individual entrepreneurial initiative, including in the context of liquidation, and of preserving businesses that can continue to operate and add value in an economy. The final section of the report starts the process of examining the ICR Principles in light of the proposals made in this report.

Access To Finance --- Bankruptcy And Resolution Of Financial Distress --- Finance And Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation And Supervision --- Insolvency