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Radiology --- X-rays --- Radiology.

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X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) deliver intense, coherent, femtosecond laser pulses in the X-ray range. The XFELs are opening two new research fields. One is to study ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in various forms of matter. XFELs can make atoms and electrons in action visible. Another field is to study the non-linear interaction of the unprecedented intense X-ray pulse with matter. XFELs transform matter into its new form in extreme conditions that have never been reached. The present special issue provides an overview of the current status and future direction of the development of XFELs and the research fields opened by XFELs. Featured are reports on the status and plans of all FEL facilities in the world, i.e., FLASH in Germany, LCLS in USA, SACLA in Japan, FERMI in Italy, European XFEL, SwissFEL, PAL-XFEL in Korea, and Shanghai SXFEL in China. Reports are also included on instrumentations and on science at these facilities, as well as on the relevant theory.

X-ray lasers. --- Lasers, X-ray --- Nuclear-pumped lasers

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About the authors -- Index. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is a nondestructive elemental analysis technique utilized in many industrial and research settings. Developments in instrument components and design have allowed applications of XRF spectrometry to expand beyond the laboratory and into field settings such as museums and archaeological excavation sites. This book serves as a practical guide for the application of XRF spectrometry to the study and understanding of archaeology. Early chapters serve as both an introduction to XRF theory and instrumentation as well as an introduction to field applications and practical aspects of archaeology and conservation. These early chapters thus provide those new to XRF and/or new to field archaeology a solid foundation on which to base further study. Based on recent trends within field archaeology, information specific to portable instrumentation also is included in early chapters in addition to a later separate chapter devoted to data collection in the field including both field labs and archaeological sites. The chapter devoted to data discusses qualitative and quantitative approaches, applications of various statistical methods to XRF data, and then relates these data types and statistical methods back to the types of archaeological questions that are possible to answer through XRF analysis. With statistics playing an ever-increasing role in data evaluation, new and experienced users of XRF spectrometry will find the statistics overview particularly helpful in expanding how data can be interpreted and presented. The book concludes with individual chapters devoted to specific archaeological sample types including pigments, ceramics, glass, construction materials, and metallurgical materials. Each of these material-specific chapters includes a section relating that material type back to the archaeology itself. Numerous examples, figures, and spectra are provided within these chapters.

X-ray spectroscopy in archaeology. --- X-Ray spectroscopy --- Radiography in archaeology --- Archaeology --- Data processing --- X-ray spectroscopy. --- Methodology

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This book is a practical guide to chest CTs for non-radiologists. A succinct and focused book, Chest CT for Non-Radiologists is designed to give the reader just the level of information they need to know. Chapters begin with the basics of a chest CT, including when they are necessary and the basic procedures, so physicians and medical professionals can best counsel their patients. The book then moves into various parts of the chest and the common diseases and presentations that would be found in a chest CT (lung fibrosis, pulmonary nodules, etc.). It teaches the reader what to look for and how to provide the most accurate and effective diagnosis for their patients. There are also several de-identified CT scans that allow the reader to test his or her skills. This is an ideal resource for non-radiologist physicians -- including pulmonologists, internal medicine physicians, emergency medicine physicians, and critical care specialists, residents, and medical students -- to learn the basics of the chest CT and thereby provide optimal care for their patients. .

Medicine. --- Emergency medicine. --- Radiology. --- Respiratory organs --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Pneumology/Respiratory System. --- Imaging / Radiology. --- Emergency Medicine. --- Diseases. --- Pneumology. --- Radiology, Medical. --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Medical physics --- Medicine, Emergency --- Medicine --- Critical care medicine --- Disaster medicine --- Medical emergencies --- Chest --- Radiography. --- Radiography, Thoracic --- Tomography, X-Ray Computed --- Emergency Treatment --- CAT Scan, X Ray --- CT X Ray --- Computed Tomography, X-Ray --- Computed X Ray Tomography --- Computerized Tomography, X Ray --- Electron Beam Tomography --- Tomography, X Ray Computed --- Tomography, X-Ray Computer Assisted --- Tomography, X-Ray Computerized --- Tomography, X-Ray Computerized Axial --- Tomography, Xray Computed --- X Ray Computerized Tomography --- X Ray Tomography, Computed --- X-Ray Computer Assisted Tomography --- X-Ray Computerized Axial Tomography --- CAT Scan, X-Ray --- CT Scan, X-Ray --- Cine-CT --- Computerized Tomography, X-Ray --- Electron Beam Computed Tomography --- Tomodensitometry --- Tomography, Transmission Computed --- X-Ray Tomography, Computed --- Beam Tomography, Electron --- CAT Scans, X-Ray --- CT Scan, X Ray --- CT Scans, X-Ray --- CT X Rays --- Cine CT --- Computed Tomography, Transmission --- Computed Tomography, X Ray --- Computed Tomography, Xray --- Computed X-Ray Tomography --- Scan, X-Ray CAT --- Scan, X-Ray CT --- Scans, X-Ray CAT --- Scans, X-Ray CT --- Tomographies, Computed X-Ray --- Tomography, Computed X-Ray --- Tomography, Electron Beam --- Tomography, X Ray Computer Assisted --- Tomography, X Ray Computerized --- Tomography, X Ray Computerized Axial --- Transmission Computed Tomography --- X Ray Computer Assisted Tomography --- X Ray Computerized Axial Tomography --- X Ray, CT --- X Rays, CT --- X-Ray CAT Scan --- X-Ray CAT Scans --- X-Ray CT Scan --- X-Ray CT Scans --- X-Ray Computed Tomography --- X-Ray Computerized Tomography --- Xray Computed Tomography --- Colonography, Computed Tomographic --- Emergency Therapy --- Therapy, Emergency --- Emergency Therapies --- Emergency Treatments --- Therapies, Emergency --- Treatment, Emergency --- Treatments, Emergency --- Emergencies --- Thoracic Radiography --- Radiographies, Thoracic --- Thoracic Radiographies --- Thorax --- Respiratory organs—Diseases. --- Radiological physics --- Physics --- Radiation

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Radiography. --- Research design and methods. --- Skiagraphy --- X-ray photography --- Photography --- Radiology --- X-rays --- Scientific applications