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South America was isolated during most of the Cenozoic, and it was home to an endemic fauna. The South American Native Ungulates (SANUs) exhibited high taxonomical, morphological, and ecological diversity and were widely distributed on the continent. However, most SANU fossil records come from high latitudes. This sampling bias challenges the study of their diversity dynamics and biogeography during important tectonic and biotic events, such as the Great American Biotic Interchange, the faunal exchange between North and South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. We describe new SANU remains from the Neogene of the Cocinetas (northern Colombia) and Falcón (northwestern Venezuela) Basins. In the Cocinetas Basin, the middle Miocene fauna of the Castilletes Formation includes Hilarcotherium miyou sp. nov. (Astrapotheriidae), cf. Huilatherium (Leontiniidae), and Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus (Proterotheriidae). The late Pliocene fauna of the Ware Formation includes a Toxodontinae indet. and the putative oldest record of Camelidae in South America. In the Falcón Basin, the Pliocene/Pleistocene faunas of the Codore and San Gregorio Formations include Falcontoxodon aguilerai gen. et sp. nov. and Proterotheriidae indet. We provide a phylogenetic analysis for Astrapotheriidae and Toxodontidae. The new data document a low-latitude provinciality within some SANU clades (e.g., Astrapotheriidae, Leontiniidae) during the middle Miocene. This contrasts with the wide latitudinal distribution of clades of other mammals recorded in the fauna, including the sparassodont Lycopsis padillai, the sloth Hyperleptus, and the proterotheriid Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus.--

Ungulates, Fossil - South America --- Paleontology - South America

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South America --- Civilization. --- History.

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O livro é uma pesquisa histórica de fôlego que trata das relações sociais e étnicas estabelecidas no século XIX pelos povos camacãns, pataxós, gueréns e outros grupos indígenas da região da Cachoeira de Itabuna e Ferradas (atual município de Itabuna/BA) com frades capuchinhos italianos, fazendeiros e autoridades provinciais. A autora busca compreender a criação e o desenvolvimento do aldeamento São Pedro de Alcântara (Ferradas) e o uso do trabalho dos índios aldeados na estrada Ilhéus-Conquista e na lavoura do cacau, além de problematizar as tensões políticas e sociais que caracterizam o processo da colonização sul-baiana.

Indians of South America --- Itabuna (Brazil) --- History.

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O livro é uma pesquisa histórica de fôlego que trata das relações sociais e étnicas estabelecidas no século XIX pelos povos camacãns, pataxós, gueréns e outros grupos indígenas da região da Cachoeira de Itabuna e Ferradas (atual município de Itabuna/BA) com frades capuchinhos italianos, fazendeiros e autoridades provinciais. A autora busca compreender a criação e o desenvolvimento do aldeamento São Pedro de Alcântara (Ferradas) e o uso do trabalho dos índios aldeados na estrada Ilhéus-Conquista e na lavoura do cacau, além de problematizar as tensões políticas e sociais que caracterizam o processo da colonização sul-baiana.

Indians of South America --- Itabuna (Brazil) --- History.

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"After the Spanish victories over the Inca claimed Tawantinsuyu for Charles V in the 1530s, native Andeans undertook a series of perilous trips from Peru to the royal court in Spain. Ranging from an indigenous commoner entrusted with delivering birds of prey for courtly entertainment to an Inca prince who spent his days amid titles, pensions, and other royal favors, these sojourners were both exceptional and paradigmatic. Together, they shared a conviction that the sovereign's absolute authority would guarantee that justice would be done and service would receive its due reward. As they negotiated their claims with imperial officials, Amerindian peoples helped forge the connections that sustained the expanding Habsburg realm's imaginary and gave the modern global age its defining character"--Publisher's description.

Indians of South America --- Indians of South America --- Indians of South America --- Government relations --- Government relations --- Ethnic identity --- Habsburg, House of. --- Peru --- Peru (Viceroyalty) --- History