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High-energy charged particles represent a cutting-edge technique in radiation oncology. Protons and carbon ions are used in several centers all over the world for the treatment of different solid tumors. Typical indications are ocular malignancies, tumors of the base of the skull, hepatocellular carcinomas and various sarcomas. The physical characteristics of the charged particles (Bragg peak) allow sparing of much more normal tissues than it is possible using conventional X-rays, and for this reason all pediatric tumors are considered eligible for protontherapy. Ions heavier than protons also display special radiobiological characteristics, which make them effective against radioresistant and hypoxic tumors. On the other hand, protons and ions with high charge (Z) and energy (HZE particles) represent a major risk for human space exploration. The main late effect of radiation exposure is cancer induction, and at the moment the dose limits for astronauts are based on cancer mortality risk. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) measured the dose on the route to Mars and on the planet’s surface, suggesting that a human exploration missions will exceed the radiation risk limits. Notwithstanding many studies on carcinogenesis induced by protons and heavy ions, the risk uncertainty remains very high. In this research topic we aim at gathering the experiences and opinions of scientists dealing with high-energy charged particles either for cancer treatment or for space radiation protection. Clinical results with protons and heavy ions, as well as research in medical physics and pre-clinical radiobiology are reported. In addition, ground-based and spaceflight studies on the effects of space radiation are included in this book. Particularly relevant for space studies are the clinical results on normal tissue complications and second cancers. The eBook nicely demonstrates that particle therapy in oncology and protection of astronauts from space radiation share many common topics, and can learn from each other.

carbon ions --- heavy ions --- Mars --- proton therapy --- radiotherapy --- particle radiobiology --- protons --- space radiation protection --- Charged particles --- space travel

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Electrolysis. --- Analytical chemistry --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Electrochemistry --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Ions

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This book reports on the successful implementation of an innovative, miniaturized galvanic cell that offers unprecedented control over and access to ionic transport. It represents a milestone in fundamental studies on the diffusive transport of lithium ions between two atomically thin layers of carbon (graphene), a highly relevant aspect in electrodes for energy and mass storage in the context of batteries. Further, it is a beautiful example of how interdisciplinary work that combines expertise from two very distinct fields can significantly advance science. Machinery and tools common in the study of low-dimensional systems in condensed matter physics are combined with methods routinely employed in electrochemistry to enable truly unique and powerful experiments. The method developed here can easily be generalized and extended to other layered materials as well as other ionic species. Not only the method but also the outcome of its application to Li diffusion and intercalation in bilayer graphene is remarkable. A record chemical diffusion coefficient is demonstrated, exceeding even the diffusion of sodium chloride in water and surpassing any reported value of ion diffusion in single-phase mixed conducting materials. This finding may be indicative of the exceptional properties yet to be discovered in nanoscale derivatives of bulk insertion compounds.

Graphene. --- Lithium ions --- Ionic mobility. --- Mobility of ions --- Ions --- Alkali metal ions --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons --- Transport properties. --- Migration and velocity --- Materials science. --- Force and energy. --- Chemistry. --- Solid State Physics. --- Energy Materials. --- Electrochemistry. --- Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films. --- Physical sciences --- Conservation of energy --- Correlation of forces --- Energy --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Material science --- Solid state physics. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Interfaces (Physical sciences). --- Thin films. --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical

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This is an introduction for engineering and science students to the basic underlying physics and chemistry concepts that form the foundation of plasma science and engineering. It is a bridge for students who have no background in the topic by providing an understanding of what an ion is, how they move, the equations used to describe the basic concepts and how they link to the topics of plasmas and gas discharges. It focuses on specific concepts that are important to non-equilibrium, low temperature gas discharges.

Ionization of gases. --- Ions --- Glow discharges. --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Plasma physics. --- SCIENCE / Physics / General. --- Migration and velocity.

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Dealing with astrophysics derived from the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic nuclei, this book describes the different methods used to measure cosmic radio-isotopes. It demonstrates how this astronomical window has contributed to the understanding of the sources and the chemical evolution of cosmic gas. Reference materials and explanations are included for students in advanced stages of their education. Nuclear reactions in different sites across the universe lead to the production of stable and unstable nuclei. Their abundances can be measured through different methods, allowing to study the various nuclear processes taking place in cosmic environments. Nucleosynthesis is the cosmic formation of new nuclear species, starting from hydrogen and helium resulting from the big bang origins. Stars create and eject synthesized nuclei during their evolution and explosions. Incorporation of the new interstellar composition into next-generation stars characterises the compositional (chemical) evolution of cosmic gas in and between galaxies. Radioactive species have unique messages about how this occurs. Since the first Edition of this book published in 2011 with the title Astronomy with Radioactivities, long-awaited new direct observations of supernova radioactivity have been made and are now addressed in two updated chapters dealing with supernovae. In this second Edition, the advances of recent years beyond one-dimensional treatments of stellar structure and stellar explosions towards 3-dimensional models have been included, and led to significant re-writings in Chapters 3-5. The sections on the Solar System origins have been re-written to account for new insights into the evolution of giant molecular clouds. The chapter on diffuse radioactivities now also includes material measurements of radioactivities in the current solar system, and their interpretations for recent nucleosynthesis activity in our Galaxy. Significant new results on gamma-rays from positron annihilations have been accounted for in that chapter, and led to new links with nucleosynthesis sources as well as interstellar transport processes. A new chapter now provides a description of interstellar processes often called 'chemical evolution', thus linking the creation of new nuclei to their abundance observations in gas and stars. The experimental / instrumental chapters on nuclear reaction measurements, on gamma-ray telescopes, and pre-solar grain laboratories have been updated. Moreover, new windows of astronomy that have been opened up in recent years have been included in the discussions of the multi-messenger approach that broadens the basis for astrophysical insights.

Astrophysics. --- Radioisotopes. --- Radioactive isotopes --- Radioactive nuclides --- Radionuclides --- Isotopes --- Nuclear engineering --- Radioactive substances --- Radiochemistry --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Nuclear physics. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Heavy ions. --- Ions