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South America was isolated during most of the Cenozoic, and it was home to an endemic fauna. The South American Native Ungulates (SANUs) exhibited high taxonomical, morphological, and ecological diversity and were widely distributed on the continent. However, most SANU fossil records come from high latitudes. This sampling bias challenges the study of their diversity dynamics and biogeography during important tectonic and biotic events, such as the Great American Biotic Interchange, the faunal exchange between North and South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. We describe new SANU remains from the Neogene of the Cocinetas (northern Colombia) and Falcón (northwestern Venezuela) Basins. In the Cocinetas Basin, the middle Miocene fauna of the Castilletes Formation includes Hilarcotherium miyou sp. nov. (Astrapotheriidae), cf. Huilatherium (Leontiniidae), and Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus (Proterotheriidae). The late Pliocene fauna of the Ware Formation includes a Toxodontinae indet. and the putative oldest record of Camelidae in South America. In the Falcón Basin, the Pliocene/Pleistocene faunas of the Codore and San Gregorio Formations include Falcontoxodon aguilerai gen. et sp. nov. and Proterotheriidae indet. We provide a phylogenetic analysis for Astrapotheriidae and Toxodontidae. The new data document a low-latitude provinciality within some SANU clades (e.g., Astrapotheriidae, Leontiniidae) during the middle Miocene. This contrasts with the wide latitudinal distribution of clades of other mammals recorded in the fauna, including the sparassodont Lycopsis padillai, the sloth Hyperleptus, and the proterotheriid Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus.--
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South America --- Civilization. --- History.
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O livro é uma pesquisa histórica de fôlego que trata das relações sociais e étnicas estabelecidas no século XIX pelos povos camacãns, pataxós, gueréns e outros grupos indígenas da região da Cachoeira de Itabuna e Ferradas (atual município de Itabuna/BA) com frades capuchinhos italianos, fazendeiros e autoridades provinciais. A autora busca compreender a criação e o desenvolvimento do aldeamento São Pedro de Alcântara (Ferradas) e o uso do trabalho dos índios aldeados na estrada Ilhéus-Conquista e na lavoura do cacau, além de problematizar as tensões políticas e sociais que caracterizam o processo da colonização sul-baiana.
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O livro é uma pesquisa histórica de fôlego que trata das relações sociais e étnicas estabelecidas no século XIX pelos povos camacãns, pataxós, gueréns e outros grupos indígenas da região da Cachoeira de Itabuna e Ferradas (atual município de Itabuna/BA) com frades capuchinhos italianos, fazendeiros e autoridades provinciais. A autora busca compreender a criação e o desenvolvimento do aldeamento São Pedro de Alcântara (Ferradas) e o uso do trabalho dos índios aldeados na estrada Ilhéus-Conquista e na lavoura do cacau, além de problematizar as tensões políticas e sociais que caracterizam o processo da colonização sul-baiana.
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O livro é uma pesquisa histórica de fôlego que trata das relações sociais e étnicas estabelecidas no século XIX pelos povos camacãns, pataxós, gueréns e outros grupos indígenas da região da Cachoeira de Itabuna e Ferradas (atual município de Itabuna/BA) com frades capuchinhos italianos, fazendeiros e autoridades provinciais. A autora busca compreender a criação e o desenvolvimento do aldeamento São Pedro de Alcântara (Ferradas) e o uso do trabalho dos índios aldeados na estrada Ilhéus-Conquista e na lavoura do cacau, além de problematizar as tensões políticas e sociais que caracterizam o processo da colonização sul-baiana.
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Utilizing ethnographic and archaeological data and an updated paradigm derived from the best features of cultural ecology and ecological anthropology, this extensively illustrated book addresses over fifteen South American adaptive systems representing a broad cross section of band, village, chiefdom, and state societies throughout the continent over the past 13,000 years.Indigenous South Americans of the Past and Present presents data on both prehistoric and recent indigenous groups across the entire continent within an explicit theoretical framework. Introductory chapters provide a brief overview of the variability that has characterized these groups over the long period of indigenous adaptation to the continent and examine the historical background of the ecological and cultural evolutionary paradigm. The book then presents a detailed overview of the principal environmental contexts within which indigenous adaptive systems have survived and evolved over thousands of years. It discusses the relationship between environmental types and subsistence productivity, on the one hand, and between these two variables and sociopolitical complexity, on the other. Subsequent chapters proceed in sequential order that is at once evolutionary (from the least to the most complex groups) and geographical (from the least to the most productive environments)?around the continent in counterclockwise fashion from the hunter-gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in the far south; to the villagers of the Amazonian lowlands; to the chiefdoms of the Amazon v¿ea and the far northern Andes; and, finally, to the chiefdoms and states of the Peruvian Andes. Along the way, detailed presentations and critiques are made of a number of theories based on the South American data that have worldwide implications for our understanding of prehistoric and recent adaptive systems.
Indians of South America --- Ethnology --- Human ecology --- Archaeology --- Social life and customs. --- Antiquities. --- South America
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"After the Spanish victories over the Inca claimed Tawantinsuyu for Charles V in the 1530s, native Andeans undertook a series of perilous trips from Peru to the royal court in Spain. Ranging from an indigenous commoner entrusted with delivering birds of prey for courtly entertainment to an Inca prince who spent his days amid titles, pensions, and other royal favors, these sojourners were both exceptional and paradigmatic. Together, they shared a conviction that the sovereign's absolute authority would guarantee that justice would be done and service would receive its due reward. As they negotiated their claims with imperial officials, Amerindian peoples helped forge the connections that sustained the expanding Habsburg realm's imaginary and gave the modern global age its defining character"--Publisher's description.
Indians of South America --- Indians of South America --- Indians of South America --- Government relations --- Government relations --- Ethnic identity --- Habsburg, House of. --- Peru --- Peru (Viceroyalty) --- History
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Quechua language --- Indians of South America --- Spanish language
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