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Year: 2018 Publisher: Washington, District Columbia : The World Bank,
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After spending five to six years sitting in a classroom almost every day for anywhere between 4 to 7 hours a significant share of students in low and middle-income countries are not able to read, write or do basic arithmetic. What is going on inside these classrooms? A growing body of evidence provide evidence of poor teaching practices and little to no learning going on inside the classroom. As such, the learning crisis is a reflection of a teaching crisis. What can teachers do inside the classroom to tackle this teaching and learning crisis? This paper systematizes the evidence on what are effective teaching practices in primary school classrooms, with special focus on evidence from low and middle-income countries. By doing so this paper provides the theoretical and empirical foundations for the content of Teach classroom observation tool. Implication for teacher education and evaluation are discussed.
Book
Year: 2018 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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In many developing countries (and beyond), public sector workers are not just simply implementers of policies designed by the politicians in charge of supervising them-so called agents and principals, respectively. Public sector workers can have the power to influence whether politicians are elected, thereby influencing whether policies to improve service delivery are adopted and how they are implemented, if at all. This has implications for the quality of public services: if the main purpose of the relationship between politicians and public servants is not to deliver quality public services, but rather to share rents accruing from public office, then service delivery outcomes are likely to be poor. This paper reviews the consequences of such clientelism for improving service delivery, and examines efforts to break from this "bad" equilibrium, at the local and national levels.
Clientelism --- Governance --- National Governance --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Reform --- Rent Seeking --- Service Delivery
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