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Archives bring to mind rooms filled with old papers and dusty artifacts. But for scientists, the detritus of the past can be a treasure trove of material vital to present and future research: fossils collected by geologists; data banks assembled by geneticists; case histories published in medical journals; weather diaries and data silos trawled by climate scientists; libraries visited by historians. These are the vital collections, assembled and maintained over millennia, which define the sciences of the archives. With 'Science in the Archives', Lorraine Daston offers the first study of the important role that these archives play in the natural and human sciences. Ranging across disciplines and centuries, contributors cover episodes in the history of astronomy, geology, genetics, philology, climatology, medicine, and more - as well as fundamental practices such as collecting, retrieval, and data mining. Chapters cover topics ranging from doxology in Greco-Roman antiquity to NSA surveillance techniques of the twenty-first century. Thoroughly exploring the practices, politics, economics, and potential of the sciences of the archives, this volume reveals the essential historical dimension of the sciences, while also adding a much-needed long term perspective to contemporary debates over the uses of Big Data in science.

Scientific archives --- Science --- Archives --- History --- Scientific archives. --- History. --- Big Data. --- collections. --- data retrieval. --- databases. --- libraries. --- scientific archives.

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Science --- Errors, Scientific --- Fallacies (Logic) --- Intuition --- Reasoning

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Scientists' views on what makes an experiment successful have developed dramatically throughout history. Different criteria for proper experimentation were privileged at different times, entirely new criteria for securing experimental results emerged, and the meaning of commitment to experimentation altered. In About Method, Schickore captures this complex trajectory of change from 1660 to the twentieth century through the history of snake venom research. As experiments with poisonous snakes and venom were both challenging and controversial, the experimenters produced very detailed accounts of their investigations, which go back three hundred years-making venom research uniquely suited for such a long-term study. By analyzing key episodes in the transformation of venom research, Schickore is able to draw out the factors that have shaped methods discourse in science. About Method shows that methodological advancement throughout history has not been simply a steady progression toward better, more sophisticated and improved methodologies of experimentation. Rather, it was a progression in awareness of the obstacles and limitations that scientists face in developing strategies to probe the myriad unknown complexities of nature. The first long-term history of this development and of snake venom research, About Method offers a major contribution to integrated history and philosophy of science.

Science --- Methodology. --- Experiments. --- experimentation in the life sciences. --- scientific method. --- scientific writing. --- snake venom.

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Das Kursbuch Neueste und Technikgeschichte bietet Studierenden eine erste Orientierungshilfe für ihr Studium und eine Anleitung für das Erstellen wissenschaftlicher Texte der Fachdisziplin. Unter einer Fülle von Arbeitshilfen und Textbeispielen lernt der Studierende, wichtige von weniger wichtigen Methoden zu trennen und sich für die richtige Strategie zu entscheiden. Dieser Einblick in die Schreibwerkstatt eines Historikers schlagt einen pragmatischen Brückenschlag zwischen den Anforderungen an das Studium der Neuesten und Zeitgeschichte und der historischen Fachkommunikation.

Education, Scientific Disciplines --- History --- Orientierungshilfe --- Schreibwerkstatt --- Technikgeschichte

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Mabberley's Plant-book is internationally accepted as an essential reference text for anyone studying, growing or writing about plants. With some 26,000 entries, this comprehensive dictionary provides information on every family and genus of seed-bearing plant (including conifers), plus ferns and clubmosses, besides economically important mosses and algae. The book combines taxonomic details and uses with English and other vernacular names found in commerce. The third edition was recognised in the American Botanical Council's annual James A. Duke Excellence in Botanical Literature Award for 2008 and the International Association for Plant Taxonomy's Engler Medal in Silver for 2009. In this new edition, each entry has been updated to take into consideration the most recent literature, notably the greater understanding resulting from molecular analyses; over 1400 additional entries (including ecologically and economically important genera of seaweeds) have been included, ensuring that Mabberley's Plant-book continues to rank among the most practical and authoritative botanical texts available.

Plants --- Plant names, Popular --- English language --- Botanical names --- Botanical nomenclature --- Botany --- Latin names of plants --- Latin plant names --- Names of plants, Scientific --- Plant names, Latin --- Plant names, Scientific --- Plant species --- Scientific names of plants --- Scientific plant names --- Names --- Germanic languages