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The objectives of module C are twofold: (i) to corroborate the findings from the assessments of Accounting and Auditing (A&A) standards (module A) and the institutional framework for corporate financial reporting (module B) with reference to financial statements issued and reports from the regulators in the jurisdiction; and (ii) to gather perceptions on the demand for and quality of financial information from users of financial statements. The module is divided into three sections, which correspond to the three approaches for assessing actual practices: financial statements review; review of regulatory findings; and perceptions survey.

Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation --- Financial Regulation & Supervision --- Governance

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The report analyzes the status of the Nigerian Microfinance Banks (MFBs) sector and aims to identify and address the challenges of its effective regulation and supervision. Ensuring the financial soundness of the MFB sector is regarded as a prerequisite for its further development. This report was prepared at the request of Other Financial Institutions Supervision Department (OFISD) of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to inform OFISD's efforts to develop a strategy for regulation of the MFB sector with emphasis on its consolidation. The report does not attempt to address in depth other systemic issues related to microfinance market development, such as funding constraints or gaps in financial infrastructure. While important these factors are secondary to the report's central focus on reforming and recalibrating the regulatory framework and ensuring effective supervision, which is regarded as necessary precursors to the growth of the sector. Only once these regulatory and supervisory reforms are implemented will the MFB sector be better positioned to start to make a more significant and sustainable contribution to financial inclusion. The findings of the report are complemented with fifteen case-studies based on a representative sample of different MFB business models and origins, drawing lessons regarding the challenges faced by the sector about factors such as their business model, governance, funding, and client base. The Microfinance Policy, Regulatory and Supervisory Framework for Nigeria of 2005 established MFBs as a means of formalizing microfinance institutions (MFIs) in order to promote financial discipline and sustainability, while also providing access to financial services to the unbanked population. The framework was designed to attract new capital as well as to regularize Community Banks (CBs), which had been established since the early 1990s, mainly as conduits for directed lending. Licensed by the CBN, MFBs are allowed to solicit deposits, which are guaranteed by the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC).

Access to Finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Financial Services --- Rural Development

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The purpose of this report is to gain an understanding of the regulatory environment for auditors in a jurisdiction and the extent of quality assurance and oversight that takes place. In the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) Accounting and Auditing (A&A) diagnostic assessment, quality assurance (QA) refers to the system in place in a jurisdiction to monitor compliance of the work performed by independent auditors with applicable auditing, ethical, and other professional standards via on-site inspections and other activities. QA inspections and other activities may be carried out by a separate audit firm (a peer review system), a professional accountancy organization (which in some circumstances has been delegated this responsibility by a government body or regulator), or by an audit regulator independent of the accountancy profession. Questions are based on the core principles for independent audit regulators issued by the International Forum of International Audit Regulators (IFIAR) and statement of membership obligations, QA as issued by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). The report is structured as follows: regulatory environment for auditors; QA and audit oversight system; QA review procedures, approach, and communication of findings; QA inspectors; and investigations and sanctions.

Accounting --- Corporate Data and Reporting --- Corporate Governance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation --- Financial Regulation & Supervision --- Governance --- International Financial Reporting Standards --- Private Sector Development --- Quality Assurance --- Sanctions

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The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Program provides a framework for assessing and reporting on the strengths and weaknesses of public financial management (PFM) using quantitative indicators to measure performance. PEFA is a tool that helps governments achieve sustainable improvements in PFM practices. It does so by providing a means to measure and monitor performance against a set of indicators across the entire range of public financial management institutions, systems, and processes. The assessment provides the management of the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) with an indicator-led assessment of the operation of the city's PFM systems. This assessment focuses on GAM's PFM system, according to Government Finance Statistics (GFS) from 2014. It includes cross-cutting and overall issues, revenue issues, and the budget cycle from planning through execution to control, reporting and audit. A number of indicators are designed to probe the interaction between the GAM and public service providers at the local level, including the use of extra budgetary funds. Therefore, this assessment covers the general government as applied to the GAM, including all districts and GAM-controlled funds which are accounted for separately outside of the budget.

Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Public and Municipal Finance --- Public Sector Development

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China's landscape for Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) is one of the largest and most complex in the world. It consists of a range of payment, clearing and settlement systems, including several interbank payment systems, securities settlement systems and central counterparties (CCPs). Many of the systems have high volumes by international comparison and are systemically important at a national level. Disruptions, both operational and financial, in one of these FMIs may significantly impact the functioning of the Chinese economy. The landscape is subject to changes, following international developments, such as the establishment of a cross-border interbank payment system (CIPS) and a CCP for over-the-counter derivatives. The development of new, innovative products, for example, in the area of internet payments, is changing the landscape further.

Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Financial Structures --- Securities Markets Policy and Regulation