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Adhesion. --- Fouling. --- Biofouling --- Microbial fouling --- Particulate fouling --- Precipitation fouling --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Fouling organisms --- Adsorption --- Cohesion

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The amyloid precursor protein APP plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as proteolytical cleavage of APP gives rise to the Aß peptide which is deposited in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Despite this, our knowledge of the normal cell biological and physiological functions of APP and the closely related APLPs is limited. This may have hampered our understanding of AD, since evidence has accumulated that not only the production of the Aß peptide but also the loss of APP-mediated functions may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Thus, it appears timely and highly relevant to elucidate the functions of the APP gene family from the molecular level to their role in the intact organism, i.e. in the context of nervous system development, synapse formation and adult synapse function, as well as neural homeostasis and aging. Why is our understanding of the APP functions so limited? APP and the APLPs are multifunctional proteins that undergo complex proteolytical processing. They give rise to an almost bewildering array of different fragments that may each subserve specific functions. While Aß is aggregation prone and neurotoxic, the large secreted ectodomain APPsa - produced in the non-amyloidogenic a-secretase pathway - has been shown to be neurotrophic, neuroprotective and relevant for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Recently, novel APP cleavage pathways and enzymes have been discovered that have gained much attention not only with respect to AD but also regarding their role in normal brain physiology. In addition to the various cleavage products, there is also solid evidence that APP family proteins mediate important functions as transmembrane cell surface molecules, most notably in synaptic adhesion and cell surface signaling. Elucidating in more detail the molecular mechanisms underlying these divers functions thus calls for an interdisciplinary approach ranging from the structural level to the analysis in model organisms. Thus, in this research topic of Frontiers we compile reviews and original studies, covering our current knowledge of the physiological functions of this intriguing and medically important protein family.

Amyloid precursor-like protein --- learning and memory --- neuroprotection --- spines --- synaptic plasticity --- Alzheimers disease --- animal model --- synaptogenesis --- synaptic adhesion --- Amyloid precursor protein

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The amyloid precursor protein APP plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as proteolytical cleavage of APP gives rise to the Aß peptide which is deposited in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Despite this, our knowledge of the normal cell biological and physiological functions of APP and the closely related APLPs is limited. This may have hampered our understanding of AD, since evidence has accumulated that not only the production of the Aß peptide but also the loss of APP-mediated functions may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Thus, it appears timely and highly relevant to elucidate the functions of the APP gene family from the molecular level to their role in the intact organism, i.e. in the context of nervous system development, synapse formation and adult synapse function, as well as neural homeostasis and aging. Why is our understanding of the APP functions so limited? APP and the APLPs are multifunctional proteins that undergo complex proteolytical processing. They give rise to an almost bewildering array of different fragments that may each subserve specific functions. While Aß is aggregation prone and neurotoxic, the large secreted ectodomain APPsa - produced in the non-amyloidogenic a-secretase pathway - has been shown to be neurotrophic, neuroprotective and relevant for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Recently, novel APP cleavage pathways and enzymes have been discovered that have gained much attention not only with respect to AD but also regarding their role in normal brain physiology. In addition to the various cleavage products, there is also solid evidence that APP family proteins mediate important functions as transmembrane cell surface molecules, most notably in synaptic adhesion and cell surface signaling. Elucidating in more detail the molecular mechanisms underlying these divers functions thus calls for an interdisciplinary approach ranging from the structural level to the analysis in model organisms. Thus, in this research topic of Frontiers we compile reviews and original studies, covering our current knowledge of the physiological functions of this intriguing and medically important protein family.

Amyloid precursor-like protein --- learning and memory --- neuroprotection --- spines --- synaptic plasticity --- Alzheimers disease --- animal model --- synaptogenesis --- synaptic adhesion --- Amyloid precursor protein

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"The UK after Brexit' is the result of a cooperation between a group of leading academics from top institutions in the UK and beyond. It offers students, practitioners and scholars an authoritative, informative and thought-provoking series of analyses of some of the key challenges facing the UK legal system in and through the process of 'de-Europeanisation' - that is, in and through 'Brexit'. It provides discursive exploration of key issues and themes for reflection and debate within multiple areas of law, broadly divided into three main areas of interest: constitutional concerns such as the relationship between Parliament and the Executive, the relevance of devolution, and the impact on the courts; substantive topics including employment law, environmental law, financial services, intellectual property, and criminal cooperation; and, issues regarding the UK's external relations, for example its relations with the EU, membership of the World Trade Organisation, ingredients for creating UK trade policy and bilateral investment policy, and international security (the UN, NATO and more)."--Back cover

International economic relations --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Theory of the state --- European Union --- United Kingdom --- Constitutional law --- Law --- Brexit --- Référendum --- Brexit. --- Forecasting --- Aspect économique --- Influence. --- Union européenne --- Adhésion --- Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- European Union countries --- Politics and government --- Relations extérieures --- Foreign relations --- verenigd koninkrijk --- ierland --- europese unie --- brexit --- royaume uni --- irlande --- union europeenne --- 86.86 European law. --- Droit --- Treaties --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Relations extérieures --- Politique et gouvernement --- Pays de l'Union européenne. --- Treaties. --- Aspect économique. --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Adhésion. --- Law - Great Britain. --- Royaume-Uni --- Great Britain - Foreign relations - European Union countries --- European Union countries - Foreign relations - Great Britain --- Anglo-American law --- Law, Anglo-American --- E.U. --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Europe --- Référendum --- Aspect économique. --- Adhésion.