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Patent laws and legislation --- United States.

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Patent laws and legislation --- United States.

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Over the past thirty years, the world's patent systems have experienced pressure from civil society like never before. From farmers to patient advocates, new voices are arguing that patents impact public health, economic inequality, morality and democracy. These challenges, to domains that we usually consider technical and legal, may seem surprising. But in Patent Politics, Shobita Parthasarathy argues that patent systems have always been deeply political and social. To demonstrate this, Parthasarathy takes readers through a particularly fierce and prolonged set of controversies over patents on life forms linked to important advances in biology and agriculture and potentially life-saving medicines. Comparing battles over patents on animals, human embryonic stem cells, human genes, and plants in the United States and Europe, she shows how political culture, ideology, and history shape patent system politics. Clashes over whose voices and which values matter in the patent system, as well as what counts as knowledge and whose expertise is important, look quite different in these two places. And through these debates, the United States and Europe are developing very different approaches to patent and innovation governance. Not just the first comprehensive look at the controversies swirling around biotechnology patents, Patent Politics is also the first in-depth analysis of the political underpinnings and implications of modern patent systems, and provides a timely analysis of how we can reform these systems around the world to maximize the public interest. --

Biotechnology --- Patent laws and legislation --- Bioethics --- History. --- Patents --- History

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Over the past thirty years, the world's patent systems have experienced pressure from civil society like never before. From farmers to patient advocates, new voices are arguing that patents impact public health, economic inequality, morality-and democracy. These challenges, to domains that we usually consider technical and legal, may seem surprising. But in Patent Politics, Shobita Parthasarathy argues that patent systems have always been deeply political and social. To demonstrate this, Parthasarathy takes readers through a particularly fierce and prolonged set of controversies over patents on life forms linked to important advances in biology and agriculture and potentially life-saving medicines. Comparing battles over patents on animals, human embryonic stem cells, human genes, and plants in the United States and Europe, she shows how political culture, ideology, and history shape patent system politics. Clashes over whose voices and which values matter in the patent system, as well as what counts as knowledge and whose expertise is important, look quite different in these two places. And through these debates, the United States and Europe are developing very different approaches to patent and innovation governance. Not just the first comprehensive look at the controversies swirling around biotechnology patents, Patent Politics is also the first in-depth analysis of the political underpinnings and implications of modern patent systems, and provides a timely analysis of how we can reform these systems around the world to maximize the public interest.

Biotechnology --- Patent laws and legislation --- Patent laws and legislation --- Bioethics --- Bioethics --- History. --- History. --- biotechnology. --- comparison. --- controversy. --- expertise. --- innovation. --- morality. --- patent. --- political culture. --- political ideology. --- science and technology policy.

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This book discusses the legal texts regarding the unitary patent and the Unified Patent Court (UPC). In 2013, twenty-five Member States of the European Union decided to take European patenting and patent enforcement to the next level. They agreed on a common patent title and a common patent court, i.e., the new unitary patent and the UPC. However, the implementation phase of the new patent package was a bumpy ride. Non-participating member states attacked the legal texts before the European Court of Justice, the Rules of Procedure of the UPC were subject to extensive debates, the Brexit referendum slowed down the ratification process, etc. Nevertheless, the unitary patent package survived. The exact date when the UPC will open its doors and the first unitary patent will be registered is still unclear. But observers agree that both projects will most likely become operational in 2018. From that moment on, companies, research institutions and individuals will be able to obtain not only a patent title with immediate effect in twenty-five EU Member States but also a court decision on, for example, infringement or validity of a European or Unitary Patent with effect in the participating Member States.--

Industrial and intellectual property --- Unified Patent Court --- Patent laws and legislation --- Patent suits --- Unified Patent Court. --- European and Community Patents Court --- UPC --- European Union. --- Patent litigation --- Patent laws and legislation - European Union countries --- Patent suits - European Union countries