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Arginase is an enzyme that is involved in many pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases (artherolscleroses, diabetes, hypertension, etc.), asthma and cancers. They were the ones who interested us. Indeed, the isoenzyme 1 of arginase is produced in large quantities by the MDSCs and TAMs which are immune cells that have been recruited by the cancer cells. Their arginase production causes L-arginine depletion, ROS production and increased L-ornithine concentrations; which leads to the promotion of tumor growth and its escape to the immune system. The development of an inhibitor of this enzyme therefore seems to be an interesting way of counteracting its pro-tumor effects. This led to the discovery of ABH, which is an alpha-amino acid whose side chain is substituted with a boric acid. Hence modulations have been carried out to discover the tropanic derivatives which are the molecules present at the present time the best inhibitory properties of the enzyme and a relative selectivity for arginase 1 compared to arginase 2. However, the bioavailability of these was poor. But it can be assumed that this disadvantage would have been resolved by the pharmaceutical company Calithera Bioscineces, since they announced the discovery of CB-1158 as the first selective inhibitor of arginase possessing and IC50 of the order of nM and being and is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials. L’arginase est une enzyme qui est impliquée dans de nombreuses pathologies telles que les maladies cardio-vasculaires (athérosclérose, diabète, hypertension, etc.), l’asthme, ou encore les cancers. Ce sont ces derniers qui nous ont intéressés. En effet, l’isoenzyme 1 de l’arginase y est produite en grande quantité par les MDSCs et les TAMs qui sont des cellules immunitaires qui ont été recrutées par les cellules cancéreuses. Leur production d’arginase cause une déplétion en L-arginine, une production de ROS et une augmentation des concentrations en L-ornithine ; ce qui conduit à la favorisation de la croissance tumorale et à son échappement au système immunitaire. Le développement d’inhibiteur de cette enzyme semble donc être une voie intéressante pour contrer ses effets pro-tumoraux. Celui-ci a mené à la découverte de l’ABH, qui est un acide alpha-aminé dont la chaîne latérale est substituée par un acide borique. De l) des modulations ont été réalisées pour aboutir à la découverte des dérivés tropaniques qui sont les molécules présentant à l’heure actuelle les meilleures propriétés inhibitrices de l’enzyme et une relative sélectivité pour l’arginase 1 par rapport à l’arginase 2. Cependant, la biodisponibilité de ceux-ci laissait à désirer. Mais on peut supposer que cet inconvénient aurait été résolu par la société pharmaceutique Calithera Biosciences, vu qu’ils ont annoncé la découverte du CB-1158 comme étant le premier inhibiteur sélectif de l’arginase possédant un IC50 de l’ordre du nM et étant actif par voie orale et que celui-ci est actuellement en tests cliniques de phase 1.

Arginase --- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells --- Macrophages --- Neoplasms

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Streptococcus pneumoniae has been for decades the number one bacterial killer of children in the world. Although vaccination with pneumococcal vaccines [PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 (children) or PPSV23 (adults)] has helped decrease the burden of pneumococcal disease (PD), mortality remains high. Therefore, pathogenesis studies are still key toward our understanding of PD and its control. The introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has also created a niche for vaccine-escape clones. Moreover, the rise of multi-drug resistant clones around the world has also posed a serious threat in recent years. The proposed special issue of Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology highlights many of the recent advances that have been made in pneumococcal pathogenesis, colonization and antibiotic resistance by groups in Latino America, Europe, and the USA.

pathogenesis --- macrophages --- co-infection --- gene regulation --- biofilm --- drug resistance --- microbial --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- pathogenesis --- macrophages --- co-infection --- gene regulation --- biofilm --- drug resistance --- microbial --- Streptococcus pneumoniae

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Streptococcus pneumoniae has been for decades the number one bacterial killer of children in the world. Although vaccination with pneumococcal vaccines [PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 (children) or PPSV23 (adults)] has helped decrease the burden of pneumococcal disease (PD), mortality remains high. Therefore, pathogenesis studies are still key toward our understanding of PD and its control. The introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has also created a niche for vaccine-escape clones. Moreover, the rise of multi-drug resistant clones around the world has also posed a serious threat in recent years. The proposed special issue of Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology highlights many of the recent advances that have been made in pneumococcal pathogenesis, colonization and antibiotic resistance by groups in Latino America, Europe, and the USA.

pathogenesis --- macrophages --- co-infection --- gene regulation --- biofilm --- drug resistance --- microbial --- Streptococcus pneumoniae

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Herpesviridae Infections --- Th2 Cells --- Mice. --- Asthma. --- Macrophages, Alveolar. --- Herpesviridés --- Infections à herpesviridés --- immunology. --- immunology. --- Immunologie. --- Chez les animaux.