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We investigate the link between gender inequality in financial inclusion and income inequality, with three contributions to the recent literature. First, using a micro-dataset covering 146,000 individuals in over 140 countries, we construct novel, synthetic indices of the intensity of financial inclusion at the individual and country level. Second, we derive the distribution of individual financial access “scores” across countries to document a “Kuznets”-curve in financial inclusion. Third, cross-country regressions confirm that our measure of inequality in financial access is significantly related to income inequality, above and beyond other factors previously highlighted in the literature.

Finance: General --- Macroeconomics --- Gender Studies --- General Financial Markets: Other --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Finance --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Income inequality --- Financial inclusion --- Gender inequality --- Income distribution --- Financial sector development --- National accounts --- Financial markets --- Gender --- Financial services industry --- Sex discrimination --- Thailand

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The Western Balkan countries have some of the lowest female labor force participation and employment rates across Europe. Almost two-thirds of working age women in the region are either inactive or unemployed: a huge bite into human capital for a region that endures high emigration and faces declining working age population. The paper uses both macro- and micro-level data to explore what explains low participation and employment rates among women in the region. Our findings show that improving educational attainment, having a more balanced family leave policy, and reducing tax wedge help improve participation of women in the labor force. However, these measures are not enough to notably improve employability of women, which require stronger growth supported by robust institutions.

Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Women --- Labor force --- Gender diversity --- Labor force participation --- Gender --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- Sex role --- Bosnia and Herzegovina --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

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This paper discusses whether there is a more efficient way of taxing labor in Argentina that has a minimal cost in terms of foregone revenues. Social security contributions for dependent workers are generally high in Argentina, despite the plethora of different regimes and exceptions. A reform of labor taxation in Argentina would need to address these inefficiencies. Reducing the tax wedge would stimulate employment and formalization, especially if targeted to low-paid workers, as there is evidence that it’s their employment that mostly responds to tax incentives. Argentina’s tax and transfer system appears to be less progressive than the estimated optimal one. The simulations suggest that the proposed changes would have a positive impact on economic activity and formality, with a minor cost in terms of foregone revenues. Greater labor supply and wages in the formal sector push up revenue from labor taxation, compensating part of the direct cost of the reform.

Argentina --- Economic conditions. --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Production and Operations Management --- Gender Studies --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labor Economics: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Welfare & benefit systems --- Public finance & taxation --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Labor taxes --- Labor markets --- Gender inequality --- Tax wedge --- Taxes --- Gender --- Tax policy --- Income tax --- Labor economics --- Wages --- Labor market --- Sex discrimination --- Income economics

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During the past financial year, the IMF’s 189 member countries faced a number of pressing challenges. IMF work on these challenges—slower trade, declining productivity, gender inequality, inclusive growth, and debt management—is a central focus of this 2017 Annual Report.

Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Gender Studies --- Labor Economics: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Management accounting & bookkeeping --- Labor --- Banking --- Government debt management --- Credit --- Gender inequality --- Labor economics --- Auditing --- Financial services industry --- Debts, Public --- Banks and banking --- United Kingdom --- Income economics

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Cómo reactivar el crecimiento mundial a partir del comercio, la productividad, la reducción de la desigualdad y el empodramiento ecnonómico de la mujer.

Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Gender Studies --- Labor Economics: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Management accounting & bookkeeping --- Labor --- Banking --- Government debt management --- Credit --- Gender inequality --- Labor economics --- Auditing --- Financial services industry --- Debts, Public --- Banks and banking --- United Kingdom