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Achieving better governance has been a central problem for development. When public services are not delivered as intended, reform action becomes necessary and that involves deliberate activities to change laws, structures, and processes to improve public sector performance and benefit public service users. The key challenge is that changes in the design of the institution or its procedures do not necessarily translate into immediate changes in the behavior of relevant actors. A central problem of public sector reform is ensuring that changes in laws and policies also prompts changes in the way that people work, so that service delivery improves. There is no one-size-fits-all approach ensuring that change happens the desirable way; however, experiences from the field suggest that a useful combination of political economy analysis with change management tools can help to maximize positive impacts. Different contexts will require different approaches to change management, and therefore political economy analysis can be used productively to design a targeted change management strategy that builds on existing strengths and opportunities. Greater integration of political economy analysis into change management assessments has been helpful in deepening understanding of attitudes to change within these particular contexts. This has allowed more effective leveraging of the opportunities for reform through the more systematic tailoring of change management strategies to different sets of issues emerging among particular groups of actors. Cambodia and Indonesia, the case studies presented in the paper, help to illustrate this.

Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- International Monetary Fund.

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This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights that the United States is in the longest expansion since 1850. The unemployment rate has fallen to 4.4 percent and job growth continues to be strong. The economy has gone through a temporary growth dip in the early part of 2017, but momentum has picked up. The economy is expected to grow at 2.1 percent in 2017 and 2018, supported by solid consumption growth and a rebound in investment. Over the next 12–18 months, personal consumer expenditure inflation is expected to slowly rise above 2 percent, before returning to the Federal Reserve’s medium-term target of 2 percent.

International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Labor Economics: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Banking --- Data capture & analysis --- Income --- Labor force participation --- Labor share --- National accounts --- Prices --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- Wages --- United States

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This 2016 Article IV Consultation shows that following a severe crisis in 2014–15, the economy of Ukraine is growing again. The flexible exchange rate and tight fiscal and monetary policies have greatly reduced internal and external imbalances. The current account deficit fell sharply, from more than 9 percent of GDP in 2013 to 3.6 percent of GDP in 2016. The overall fiscal deficit declined to 2.3 percent of GDP in 2016. Growth will remain at 2 percent in 2017 due to the impact of the blockade in the eastern part of Ukraine, but is expected to reach 3 percent in 2018 as the economy adjusts and about 3.5–4.0 percent over the medium term.

International Monetary Fund --- International Monetary Fund. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Exports and Imports --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Fiscal Policy --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- Pensions --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Public debt --- Structural reforms --- Pension spending --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Fiscal policy --- Tariffs --- Taxes --- Banks and banking --- Debts, Public --- Revenue --- Tariff --- Ukraine

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The IMF is a purposive actor in world politics, primarily driven by a set of homogenous economic ideas, Stephen C. Nelson suggests, and its professional staff emerged from an insular set of American-trained economists. The IMF treats countries differently depending on whether that staff trusts the country's top officials; that trust in turn depends on the educational credentials of the policy team that Fund officials face across the negotiating table. Intellectual differences thus lead to lasting economic effects for the citizens of countries seeking IMF support.Based on deep archival research in IMF archives and personnel files, Nelson argues that the IMF has been the Johnny Appleseed of neoliberalism: neoliberal policymakers sprout and take root in countries that have spent recent decades living under the Fund's conditional lending arrangements. Nelson supports his argument through quantitative measures and illustrates the dynamics of relations between the Fund and client countries in a detailed examination of newly available archives of four periods in Argentina's long and often bitter relations with the IMF. The Currency of Confidence ends with Nelson's examination of how the IMF emerged from the global financial crisis as an unexpected victor.

Loans, Foreign --- Financial crises --- Neoliberalism --- Neo-liberalism --- Liberalism --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- International Monetary Fund. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- E-books --- 333.432.8 --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten. --- Neoliberalism. --- Financial crises. --- Loans, Foreign. --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten

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This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights that growth in Turkey has slowed following a strong performance in 2015. Investment is weak amid heightened uncertainty and a sharp deceleration of credit growth. Inflation has moderated but is still well above target. The current account deficit remains sizeable, as the decline in tourism offsets savings from low energy prices. Progress on structural reforms has been slow. Over the medium term, growth is projected to firm at about 3.5 percent. Inflation is expected to stay above target and the current account deficit to remain sizeable.

International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Turkey --- Economic conditions. --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- External debt --- Public debt --- National accounts --- Financial Sector Assessment Program --- Income --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- National income --- Financial services industry