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Haitian seasonal migration to Cuba is central to narratives about race, national development, and US imperialism in the early twentieth-century Caribbean. Filling a major gap in the literature, this innovative study reconstructs Haitian guestworkers' lived experiences as they moved among the rural and urban areas of Haiti, and the sugar plantations, coffee farms, and cities of eastern Cuba. It offers an unprecedented glimpse into the daily workings of empire, labor, and political economy in Haiti and Cuba. Migrants' efforts to improve their living and working conditions and practice their religions shaped migration policies, economic realities, ideas of race, and Caribbean spirituality in Haiti and Cuba as each experienced US imperialism.

Foreign workers --- Migrant labor --- Labor, Migrant --- Migrant workers --- Migrants (Migrant labor) --- Migratory workers --- Transient labor --- Employees --- Casual labor --- Alien labor --- Aliens --- Foreign labor --- Guest workers --- Guestworkers --- Immigrant labor --- Immigrant workers --- Migrant labor (Foreign workers) --- Migrant workers (Foreign workers) --- Employment --- Haiti --- Cuba --- Ayiti --- Bohio --- Haichi --- Hayti --- Haytian Republic --- Quisqueya --- Repiblik Ayiti --- Repiblik d Ayiti --- Republic of Haiti --- République d'Haïti --- ハイチ --- هايتي --- Гаити --- Gaiti --- Saint-Domingue --- Emigration and immigration --- History. --- History --- Foreign workers, Haitian --- Haitians --- Social conditions. --- Ethnology --- Alien labor, Haitian --- Haitian foreign workers --- 1900-1999

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'American Routes' provides a comparative and historical analysis of the migration and integration of white and free black refugees from 19th century St. Domingue/Haiti to Louisiana and follows the progress of their descendants over the course of 200 years.

Creoles --- Haitian Americans --- Racially mixed people --- Refugees --- Haitians --- African Americans --- Whites --- Race identity. --- History --- Race identity --- History. --- Migrations --- Haiti --- Refugees. --- Displaced persons --- Persons --- Bi-racial people --- Biracial people --- Interracial people --- Mixed race people --- Mixed-racial people --- Mulattoes --- Multiracial people --- Peoples of mixed descent --- Ethnic groups --- Miscegenation --- Ethnology --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Black people --- White persons --- Caucasian race --- Ayiti --- Bohio --- Haichi --- Hayti --- Haytian Republic --- Quisqueya --- Repiblik Ayiti --- Repiblik d Ayiti --- Republic of Haiti --- République d'Haïti --- ハイチ --- هايتي --- Гаити --- Gaiti --- Saint-Domingue --- White people