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There are severe geographical disparities in pupil-teacher ratios (PTR) across Malawi, with most teachers concentrated near commercial centers and in rural schools with better amenities. Most of the variation in PTR is concentrated in small sub-district areas, suggesting a central role for micro-geographic factors in teacher distribution. Employing administrative data from several government sources, regression analysis reveals that school-level factors identified by teachers as desirable are closely associated with PTR, including access to roads, electricity, and water, and distance to the nearest trading center, suggesting a central role for teachers' interests in PTR variation. Political economy network mapping reveals that teachers leverage informal networks and political patronage to resist placement in remote schools, while administrative officials are unable to stand up to these formal and informal pressures, in part because of a lack of reliable databases and objective criteria for the allocation of teachers. This study curates a systematic database of the physical placement of all teachers in Malawi and links it with data on school facilities and geo-spatial coordinates of commercial centers. The study develops a consistent and objective measure of school remoteness, which can be applied to develop policies to create rules for equitable deployments and targeting of incentives. Growing awareness of disparities in PTRs among district education officials is already showing promising improvements in targeting of new teachers. Simulation results of planned policy applications show significant potential impacts of fiscally-neutral approaches to targeted deployments of new cohorts, as well as retention of teachers through data-calibrated incentives.

Elementary school teachers

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Culturally relevant pedagogy. --- Multicultural education --- Elementary school teaching. --- Activity programs.

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Elementary school teachers --- High school teachers --- Demographic surveys --- Schools and Staffing Survey (NCES)

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Assault weapons --- Gun control --- Firearms ownership --- Sandy Hook Elementary School Massacre, Newtown, Conn., 2012. --- AR-15 rifle. --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- United States. --- Rules and practice.

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This helpful resource provides all-new tested, standard-based lessons accompanied by reproducible handouts and easy-to-follow directions. A new book by Joyce Keeling, an elementary librarian and teacher with more than two decades' experience, Standards-Based Lesson Plans for the Busy Elementary School Librarian presents many integrated lesson plans for students in each of the elementary grades, kindergarten through 5th grade. All lessons have been tested and refined in a school setting, and they are specifically written to match the AASL Information Literacy Standards, the McREL Compendium of Standards and Benchmarks, and the Common Core State Standards. In addition to the reproducible lesson plan worksheets, the book offers in-depth discussion of how best to collaborate to teach information literacy within the scope of common elementary school curricula.

Education, Elementary --- School librarian participation in curriculum planning --- Language arts (Elementary) --- Information literacy --- Elementary school libraries --- Curricula --- Standards --- Study and teaching (Elementary) --- Activity programs