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The ease with which workers can move between sectors has a strong impact on the effects on labor markets of shocks such as changes in world prices or migration flows. This paper introduces an approach to labor mobility with frictions under which worker capabilities (their efficiencies in different sectors) depend on their sector affiliation. If workers in sector a move to sector a', their efficiency shortfall due to a capability misfit compared to what is needed in a' (and possessed by workers already in a') is measured by a proximity parameter, 0 ? proxa,a' ? 1. If proxa, a' < 1, the efficient quantity reaching a' is below the physical quantity. In this setting, profit-maximizing producers are willing to pay the same wage per efficiency unit irrespective of worker origin and thus pay less efficient workers a lower wage per physical unit. This approach to labor mobility is tested in a static CGE model that is applied to an illustrative sub-Saharan African dataset with sector proximities defined using the approach of the product-space literature. Simulations of positive export price shocks show that, the higher the proximities, the stronger the labor reallocation and the welfare gains.
Computable General Equilibrium Models --- Development Planning And Policy --- Factor Mobility --- Labor Mobility --- Wage Differentials
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Korea is facing mounting economic challenges. Productivity growth has been on a trend decline amid demographic headwinds, while the societal demand for inclusive growth has been on a steep rise. Furthermore, the government-led unbalanced growth model—which served Korea well in the past—has become less effective and politically palatable in recent years. As such, Korea needs a major paradigm shift to embark on a new sustainable and inclusive growth path. But policy response has been modest at best with no major reforms being implemented over the past two decades. We propose a paradigm shift in Korea’s economic framework, involving a simultaneous big push for greater economic freedom and stronger social protection within the parameters set by long-run fiscal sustainability. We also provide a detailed account of structural reforms to boost economic freedom and sustainable funding plans for stronger social protection.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Development Planning and Policy: General --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Education: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Structural reforms --- Income --- Labor markets --- Macrostructural analysis --- National accounts --- Income inequality --- Labor economics --- Labor market --- Income distribution --- Korea, Republic of
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While trade integration has been an engine of global growth and prosperity, as suggested by theory, some sectors have been negatively affected by increased import competition. We test if this negative effect is significant in a context of high intranational migration, as theory indicates that labor mobility could reduce it. We focus on the 2004-14 period of trade liberalization in Peru (a major beneficiary of trade integration), which allows for methodological improvements relative to similar studies. We find that districts competing with liberalized imports experienced significantly lower growth in consumption per capita despite some emigration in response to increased import competition. This underscores the need to support the “losers of trade liberalization” even amidst high labor mobility.
Free trade --- Free trade. --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- E-books --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Taxation --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Measurement and Analysis of Poverty --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Infrastructure --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Trade: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Geographic Labor Mobility --- Immigrant Workers --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Poverty & precarity --- Labour --- income economics --- Tariffs --- Imports --- Poverty --- Labor mobility --- Taxes --- Tariff --- Commercial policy --- Peru
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We develop new economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indices for Japan from January 1987 onwards building on the approach of Baker, Bloom and Davis (2016). Each index reflects the frequency of newspaper articles that contain certain terms pertaining to the economy, policy matters and uncertainty. Our overall EPU index co-varies positively with implied volatilities for Japanese equities, exchange rates and interest rates and with a survey-based measure of political uncertainty. The EPU index rises around contested national elections and major leadership transitions in Japan, during the Asian Financial Crisis and in reaction to the Lehman Brothers failure, U.S. debt downgrade in 2011, Brexit referendum, and Japan’s recent decision to defer a consumption tax hike. Our uncertainty indices for fiscal, monetary, trade and exchange rate policy co-vary positively but also display distinct dynamics. VAR models imply that upward EPU innovations foreshadow deteriorations in Japan’s macroeconomic performance, as reflected by impulse response functions for investment, employment and output. Our study adds to evidence that credible policy plans and strong policy frameworks can favorably influence macroeconomic performance by, in part, reducing policy uncertainty.
Japan --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I︠A︡ponii︠a︡ --- Japam --- Japani --- Japão --- Japon --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nihon-koku --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- Япония --- اليابان --- يابان --- 日本 --- 日本国 --- Economic conditions --- Econometric models. --- Jepun --- Yapon --- Yapon Ulus --- I︠A︡pon --- Япон --- I︠A︡pon Uls --- Япон Улс --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Foreign Exchange --- Public Finance --- Macroeconomics --- Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Policy --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Financial Crises --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Financial crises --- Fiscal policy --- Exchange rate policy --- Trade policy --- Public debt --- Global financial crisis of 2008-2009 --- Commercial policy --- Debts, Public --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009
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