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The depth of the crisis and the weakness of the ensuing recovery led to new ways to implement monetary policy. At the onset of the crisis, central banks in several advanced economies quickly moved policy rates to zero and initiated large-scale asset purchases. In more recent years, with inflation still below target and limited support from fiscal policy, several central banks lowered their policy rates below the previous zero lower bound, embarking on so-called negative interest rate policies (NIRPs).This paper explores the implications of NIRPs for monetary policy transmission and banks' behavior. It considers potential differences between interest rate cuts in positive versus negative territory on deposit and lending rates, as well as banks' interest rate margins and profitability, and market functioning. The paper focuses on the bank transmission channel, where differences between positive and negative policy rates could arise. Finally, the paper reviews cross-country experiences through case studies.

Financial crises.

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This paper informs the Executive Board of the staff-level understandings reached with global Standard Setting Bodies (SSBs) on the use of the three financial sector supervisory standards in FSAPs: the Basel Committee's Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (BCP), set by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS); the Insurance Core Principles (ICP), set by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS); and the Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation (Principles), set by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). As graded assessments of compliance with supervisory standards are voluntary, FSAPs have adopted a flexible approach to the use of supervisory standards. A standard is either assessed in full, resulting in grades, or used as the basis for a deeper analysis of selected elements of the oversight framework in a focused review, without grades. The SSBs and Fund staff have reached understandings on a refinement of the existing flexible approach, with sets of "base principles" serving as the starting points for focused reviews.

Financial crises.

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Financial crises.

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Financial crises

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Financial crises --- Greece