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Since the 1990s, India has seen robust economic growth, rising wages, steady fertility decline, increased urbanization, and expanded educational attainment for males and females. But unlike other countries that have undergone similar transitions, urban women's employment has refused to budge, never crossing the 25 percent mark. This paper fills a critical gap in policy research on women's employment in India. The discussion is situated in the normative construction of motherhood and the gendered nature of caregiving in India. The analysis uses pooled data from six rounds of the National Sample Surveys to examine the effects of having a young child on mothers' employment in urban India over 1983-2011. The analysis also looks at household structure, and analyzes the effects of other household members on women's labor supply. The results show that although the onus of childbearing may have reduced, that of caregiving has increased. Having a young child in the home depresses mothers' employment, an inverse relationship that has intensified over time. Further, living in a household with older children and women over the age of 50 is positively associated with women's employment. These results show that the care of young children is an increasingly important issue in women's employment decisions, in a context where formal childcare is practically nonexistent. These results have significant implications for policy to raise women's labor force participation in India.

Child Bearing --- Childcare --- Depression --- Employment --- Fertility Rates --- Healthcare --- Household Income --- Household Survey --- Income Group --- Incomes --- Living Standards --- Motherhood --- National Surveys --- Risks --- Salary --- Wages --- Women

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The author asks how far the extension of employer-supported childcare serves as a driver for higher maternal labor supply. She addresses this question by categorizing employer-supported childcare as an efficiency wage introduced by the employer to increase the working volume of mothers. Applying various impact evaluation techniques in an econometric analysis, the author concludes that the availability of employer-supported childcare has a positive impact on the length and working volume of mothers who return back to work after giving birth. Furthermore, the usage of employer-supported childcare by mothers with pre-school age children influences the amount of agreed and actual working hours positively.

Employer-supported day care. --- Child care. --- Working mothers. --- Personnel management. --- Corporations --- Employment management --- Human resource management --- Human resources management --- Manpower utilization --- Personnel administration --- Management --- Public administration --- Employees --- Employment practices liability insurance --- Supervision of employees --- Employed mothers --- Mothers, Employed --- Mothers, Working --- Mothers --- Care of children --- Childcare --- Children --- Day care, Employer-supported --- Day care centers and industry --- Employer-sponsored day care --- Employee fringe benefits --- Day care centers --- Personnel management --- Care --- Care and hygiene

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This book presents new empirical research about in-home child care in Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada - three countries where governments are pursuing new ways to support the recruitment of in-home childcare workers through funding, regulation and migration.

Kindermädchen. --- Kinderpflege. --- Internationaler Vergleich. --- Au-pair-Mädchen. --- Child care services / Government policy / Canada. --- Child care services / Government policy / Great Britain. --- Child care services / Government policy / Australia. --- Australien. --- Grossbritannien. --- Kanada. --- Storbritannien --- Anglia --- Wielka Brytania --- Nagy-Britannia --- United Kingdom --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland --- Grande-Bretagne --- Angliyah --- Briṭanyah --- Velikobritanii︠a︡ --- Saharātchaʻānāčhak --- Marea Britanie --- Grossbritannien --- Prydain Fawr --- Royaume-Uni --- Iso-Britannia --- Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta --- Förenade kungariket --- Grã-Bretanha --- בריטניה --- イギリス --- Igirisu --- Northern Ireland --- Scotland --- Wales --- England and Wales --- Ahitereiria --- Aostralia --- Ástralía --- ʻAukekulelia --- Austraalia --- Austraalia Ühendus --- Australian Government --- Australie --- Australien --- Australiese Gemenebes --- Aŭstralii︠a︡ --- Australija --- Austrālijas Savienība --- Australijos Sandrauga --- Aŭstralio --- Australské společenství --- Ausztrál Államszövetség --- Ausztrália --- Avstralii︠a︡ --- Avstraliĭski sŭi︠u︡z --- Avstraliĭskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Avstraliĭskii︠a︡t sŭi︠u︡z --- Avstralija --- Awstralia --- Awstralja --- Awstralya --- Aystralia --- Commonwealth of Australia --- Cymanwlad Awstralia --- Državna zaednica Avstralija --- Government of Australia --- Ḳehiliyat Osṭralyah --- Koinopoliteia tēs Aystralias --- Komanwel Australia --- Komonveltot na Avstralija --- Komonwelt sa Awstralya --- Komunaĵo de Aŭstralio --- Komunejo de Aŭstralio --- Kūmunwālth al-Usturālī --- Mancomunidad de Australia --- Mancomunitat d'Austràlia --- Negara Persemakmuran Australia --- New Holland --- Nova Hollandia --- Osṭralyah --- Ōsutoraria --- Persemakmuran Australia --- Samveldið Ástralía --- Usṭralyah --- Usturāliyā --- Whakaminenga o Ahitereiria --- Κοινοπολιτεία της Αυστραλίας --- Αυστραλία --- Аўстралія --- Австралия --- Австралија --- Австралийски съюз --- Австралийският съюз --- Австралийский Союз --- Комонвелтот на Австралија --- Државна заедница Австралија --- אוסטרליה --- קהיליית אוסטרליה --- أستراليا --- كومنولث الأسترالي --- オーストラリア --- Child care --- Child care services --- Government policy --- Children --- Social service --- Care of children --- Childcare --- Services for --- Care --- Care and hygiene