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This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book reports on the results of an extended survey conducted across Europe within the framework of the APPRAISAL FP7 project to determine the extent to which an integrated assessment approach to air quality is being adopted, on the one hand, by regional and local authorities to develop air quality plans and, on the other, by researchers. Following a detailed analysis of the role and structure of the components of an integrated assessment study, the results of the survey are considered from a variety of perspectives. Above all, the book discusses the new light the survey sheds on emission abatement policies and measures planned at regional and local scales, and on their synergies/trade-offs with measures implemented at the national scale. Detailed consideration is given to the currently available modeling methodologies for identifying emission sources, assessing the effectiveness of emission reduction measures, and evaluating the impacts of emission abatement measures on human health. Current strengths and weaknesses revealed by the survey are explored, and the application of an integrated assessment tool in two case studies (in Brussels and Porto) is discussed. The book will appeal to all those interested in the use of integrated assessment in connection with the sources, effects and control of air pollution. .

Environment. --- Computer simulation. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Air pollution. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Simulation and Modeling. --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Computer modeling --- Computer models --- Modeling, Computer --- Models, Computer --- Simulation, Computer --- Pollution --- Control --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Electromechanical analogies --- Mathematical models --- Simulation methods --- Model-integrated computing --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Environmental policy --- air quality --- air pollution --- environmental analysis

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Environmental Sciences --- Sustainable Development --- Carbon dioxide --- Carbon dioxide sinks. --- Carbon dioxide mitigation. --- Carbon sequestration. --- Air quality management. --- Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric. --- Greenhouse gases. --- Environmental aspects. --- GHGs (Greenhouse gases) --- Heat-trapping gases --- Gases --- Atmospheric greenhouse effect --- Atmospheric temperature --- Heat budget (Geophysics) --- Infrared albedo --- Solar radiation --- Global warming --- Air --- Air pollution control --- Air quality --- Control of air pollution --- Environmental protection --- Carbon capture and storage --- Carbon dioxide sequestration --- CCS (Carbon sequestration) --- Sequestration (Chemistry) --- Atmospheric carbon dioxide mitigation --- Carbon dioxide capture --- Mitigation of carbon dioxide --- Pollution prevention --- Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) --- Sinks (Atmospheric chemistry) --- Carbonic acid gas --- Carbonic anhydride --- Carbon compounds --- Oxides --- Pollution --- Control --- Management

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This book investigates elementary processes in the Earth’s atmosphere involving photons, electrons, ions, radicals, and aerosols. It is based on global atmospheric models such as the standard atmospheric model with averaged atmospheric parameters across the globe and over time, the Earth’s energetic balance, and the global electric circuit that allows to analyze fundamental atmospheric properties to be analyzed. Rate constants of elementary processes in the Earth’s atmosphere, together with measured atmospheric parameters and existing concepts of atmospheric phenomena, are used in the analysis of global and local atmospheric processes. Atmospheric photoprocesses result from the interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere and processes involving ions, oxygen atoms, excited atomic particles and ozone molecules. Atmospheric electricity as a secondary phenomenon to atmospheric water circulation results in a chain of processes that begins with collisions of water aerosols in different aggregate states. Cosmic rays are of importance for atmospheric electricity, as they create positive and negative ions in the air. Air breakdown in an electric field of clouds in the form of lightning may develop under the influence of cosmic ray-created seed electrons, which are necessary for electron multiplication in ionization wave-streamers. The upper atmosphere (ionosphere) is formed under solar radiation in a vacuum ultraviolet spectrum, and absorption of this radiation leads to air photoionization. The greenhouse effect is determined by atmospheric water, whereas transitions between a water vapor and aerosols may lead to a change in atmospheric optical depth. Carbon dioxide contributes in small portions to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Cosmic rays are of importance for atmospheric discharge, the origin of lightning and cloud formation in the first stage of aerosol growth. This book provides a qualitative description of atmospheric properties and phenomena based on elementary processes and simple models. .

Physics. --- Meteorology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Atoms. --- Geophysics. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Air pollution. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics. --- Atmosphere. --- Atmospheric models. --- Atmosphere --- Models --- Models and modelmaking --- Meteorology --- Atmospheric science --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Matter --- Stereochemistry --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Aerology --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics --- Constitution --- Control --- Measurement --- Monitoring

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This book, written by an international group of experts from China, Europe and the USA, presents a broad and comprehensive analysis of the chemical and meteorological processes responsible for the formation of air pollutants in eastern Asia, and in particular for the development of severe pollution episodes observed primarily during winter in the northeastern part of China. With the rapid population growth, economic development and urbanization occurring in Asia, air pollution has become a major environmental problem in this part of the world. The book is organized around six distinct parts. The first part of the volume offers a general perspective on issues related to air pollution including persistent haze events in eastern and southern Asia. The second part presents an overview of air pollution sources (i.e., anthropogenic and biomass burning sources). The third part analyzes in-situ observations of chemical species in China, while the fourth part focuses on space observations of gas-phase and aerosol species. The modeling aspects are treated in the fifth part of the volume, which includes a presentation of several air quality forecast systems and an assessment of the role of urbanization on air pollution levels. Finally, the effects of air pollution on health and crop productivity in China are discussed in the last part of the book. The book also presents an integrated view of past and present situations in Asia and provides the scientific basis from which mitigation policies can be established and air quality can be improved. Audience: This book is written for scientists, educators, students, environmental managers, policy-makers and leaders in public administration and private corporations who wish to use science-based information to mitigate air pollution. The book should help decision-makers to design effective policies for air quality improvement and to successfully manage short-term air pollution episodes that substantially affect people’s quality of life and strongly impact the economy. .

Air --- Pollution. --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Control --- Environment. --- Environmental management. --- Sustainable development. --- Air pollution. --- Pollution prevention. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Sustainable Development. --- Industrial Pollution Prevention. --- Environmental Management. --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental pollution. --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Applied ecology --- Environmental policy --- Environmental aspects --- Prevention of pollution --- Environmental protection --- Prevention and control

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This interdisciplinary guide offers background, research findings, and practical strategies for assessing and improving air quality in hospitals and other healthcare settings. Positing good air quality as critical to patient and staff well-being, it identifies disease-carrying microbes, pollutants, and other airborne toxins and their health risks, and provides localized interventions for reducing transmission of pathogens. Effective large-scale approaches to air quality control are also outlined, from green building materials to hygienic HVAC and air treatment practices. Its thoroughness of coverage makes this book a vital resource for professionals involved in every aspect of health service facilities, from planning and construction to maintenance and management. Among the topics covered: Existing guidelines in indoor air quality: the case study of hospital environments Hospital environments and epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections Analysis of microorganisms in hospital environments and potential risks Legionella indoor air contamination in healthcare environments HVAC system design in healthcare facilities and control of aerosol contaminants Assessment of indoor air quality in inpatient wards Indoor Air Quality in Healthcare Facilities imparts up-to-date expertise to a variety of professional readers, including hospitals' technical and management departments, healthcare facilities' chief medical officers, hospital planners, sport and thermal building designers, public health departments, and students of universities and schools of hygiene.

Medicine. --- Health promotion. --- Practice of medicine. --- Environmental health. --- Air pollution. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Practice and Hospital Management. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. --- Environmental Health. --- Indoor air quality. --- Health facilities --- Environmental services. --- Environmental services in health facilities --- Quality of indoor air --- Air quality --- Administration --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental Medicine. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Health Workforce --- Health --- Health ecology --- Public health --- Health risk assessment --- Health promotion programs --- Health promotion services --- Promotion of health --- Wellness programs --- Preventive health services --- Health education --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Atmospheric deposition --- Medical practice --- Practice of medicine --- Physician practice acquisitions --- Health aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Control --- Hospitals --- Pollution. --- Medicine, Preventive. --- Administration. --- Disease prevention --- Diseases --- Prevention of disease --- Preventive medicine --- Preventive medicine physicians --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Hospital administration --- Hospital management --- Health services administration --- Management --- Prevention --- Management and regulation