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The accurate estimation of anemia is important for tracking and targeting public health interventions. The primary source of anemia data in low and middle-income countries is The Demographic and Health Surveys Program, in which hemoglobin concentration is assessed with a portable hemoglobinometer. This methodological report examines measurement error of hemoglobin assessment and the intrinsic variation in hemoglobin concentrations among children (age 6-59 months), nonpregnant women of reproductive age (age 15-49), and men (age 15 and above). A total of 80 surveys in The Demographic and Health Surveys Program conducted between 2000 and 2017 were selected, which results in a total of 1,247,942 hemoglobin observations included in this report (children n=405,731, women n=607,101, men n=235,110). Data quality was assessed by examining bias in the sub-sampling strategy, data completeness, and digit preference. Dispersion of the hemoglobin concentrations was also explored but it was difficult to determine whether the patterns observed are the result of measurement error or intrinsic variations. There was little bias found in the situations where hemoglobin measurements were only taken on a subsample of the population, although in a few surveys there was a slight bias by head of household education level, wealth, and urban/rural residence. There were very few values outside of the plausible ranges (mean percent ranged from 0.1 to 0.2% depending on the subpopulation) and only a small percent of data was missing (mean percent ranged from 4.5 to 15%). Digit preference was found to occur for the digits 0 (11.6% of surveys) and 2 (10.5%), and for the combination of digits 6, 7, 8, and 9 (22.1%). Standard deviations were outside the range of 1.1 to 1.5 in many surveys for children (46.3% with excluded implausible values versus 58.8% with included implausible values), women (70.8% with excluded implausible values vs. 81.5% with included implausible values), and men (96.3% with excluded implausible values vs. 96.3% with included implausible values). Data was not normally distributed in many of the surveys, especially among adults. Hemoglobin concentrations were higher in urban regions and wealthy populations, and in these groups there was less data dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the overall quality of data is high on some measures, although there are exceptions, especially wide standard deviations. Disentangling measurement error from intrinsic variation is difficult. Future research is needed to establish standard parameters that assess measurement error in the assessment of hemoglobin and other biomarkers.

Health surveys --- Hemoglobin --- Anemia

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Sickle cell anemia --- Law and legislation

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Iron deficiency anemia. --- Cancer --- Chemotherapy --- Complications --- Treatment. --- Cancers --- Carcinoma --- Malignancy (Cancer) --- Malignant tumors --- Tumors --- Hypoferric anemia --- Hypochromic anemia --- Iron deficiency diseases

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"Soar is the memoir of African American journalist Gail Campbell Woolley, who was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia at age seven. Despite having a diagnosis that predicted she would die by age 35, Gail lived to 58 and had a successful career and fulfilling personal life."--

Sickle cell anemia --- African American journalists --- Patients --- Woolley, Gail Campbell, --- Health.

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L'ouvrage Un cadre d'investissement pour la nutrition: atteindre les cibles mondiales en matiere deretard de croissance, d'anemie, d'allaitement maternel et d'emaciation estime les couts et lesimpacts des differents scenarios de financement qui permettraient l'atteinte des cibles mondiales denutrition adoptees par l' Assemblee mondiale de la sante en matiere de retard de croissance, danemiechez la femme, d'allaitement matemel exclusif et de mise a I'echelle du traitement de I'emaciationsevere chez le jeune enfant. 11 faudra, pour atteindre ces quatre cibles, proceder a des financementsmondiaux de 70 milliards de dollars sur lOans, ceci dans des interventions specifiques a la nutritiona fort impact. Ces investissements auraient toutefois des retornbees substantielles : 65 millions de casde retard de croissance et 265 millions de cas danemie chez la femme auraient ete evites en 2025comparati vement a I' annee de reference 2015. En outre, sur 10 ans, au moins 91 millions d' enfantssupplementaires auraient ete traites pour emaciation severe et 105 millions de nourrissonsadditionnels auraient ete beneficiaires d'un allaitement matemel exclusif au cours de leurs premierssix mois de vie. L'atteintede l'ensemble de ces cibles permettrait d'eviter au moins 3,7 millions demortalites infantiles. Chaque dollar investi dans ce paquet d'interventions genererait des rendementseconorniques de4 a 35 dollars, ce qui fait du financement de la nutrition precoce l'une desinterventions de developpement les plus rentables. Certaines des cibles - particulierement celles quisont axees sur la reduction du retard de croissance chez l'enfant et de I'anemie chez la femmeparaissentambitieuses et demanderont des efforts concertes de financement, de mise a l' echelle etd' engagement continu; toutefois, l' experience tiree de plusieurs pays indique que leur atteinte restepossible. Les investissements au cours des 1000 premiers jours decisifs de la petite enfance sontinalienables, transportables et porteurs de retombees tout au long de la vie - non seulement pour lesenfants directement concernes, mais aussi pour nous tous - sous forme de societes plus robustes,qui agissent comme moteur des economies a venir.

Anemia --- Benefit-Cost --- Breastfeeding --- Cost-Effectiveness --- Economic Evaluation --- French Translation --- Health Financing --- Human Development --- Malnutrition --- Maternal And Child Health --- Nutrition --- Stunting --- Wasting