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Anemia, Sickle Cell --- Anemia, Sickle Cell --- Anemia, Sickle Cell --- drug therapy --- drug therapy. --- genetics --- genetics. --- therapy --- therapy.
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Sickle cell anemia --- Drepanocytic anemia --- Meniscocytosis --- Sickle cell disease --- Blood hyperviscosity syndrome --- Hemoglobinopathy --- Hemolytic anemia --- Treatment.
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Anemia, Sickle Cell --- Anemia, Sickle Cell --- diagnosis --- diagnosis. --- prevention & control --- prevention & control.
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This book addresses a wide range of clinically relevant topics and issues in sickle cell disease. This is written by experts in their own field offering a robust, engaging discussion about the presentations and mechanisms of actions in the multiple complications associated with sickle cell disease. This first of the series addresses pain, which is considered the hallmark of sickle cell presentation. It looks at the basic mechanism of pain in sickle cell disease. A more detailed review of precision medicine gives a clear well laid out presentation that is incisive and yet gives in-depth detail relevant to both the clinician and the researcher in the basic laboratory. The same pattern is shown in the discussion on respiratory, cardiac and neurological complications. The 14 chapters also include an overview of sickle cell disease especially in the paediatric age. The content is organized into well-designed broad sections on overview regarding diagnosis including point of care and the role of digital apps in patient management. A key aspect of the book is the opportunity it affords expert physicians to express well-reasoned opinions regarding complex issues in sickle cell disease. The readership would find that it provides a well-described, concise and immediate applicable answers to complex questions. This is highly recommended for scientists and clinicians alike.
Sickle cell anemia. --- Drepanocytic anemia --- Meniscocytosis --- Sickle cell disease --- Blood hyperviscosity syndrome --- Hemoglobinopathy --- Hemolytic anemia --- Medicine --- Hematology --- Hematopathology --- Health Sciences
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Sickle cell disease is a haemoglobin disorder which spread from malarious areas to become the most frequent genetic disease in Europe. A mutation of the beta globin gene leads to the synthesis of haemoglobin S which polymerizes in intracellular crystalline fibers when it’s deoxygenated: stiff sickle-shaped red blood cells are involved in haemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive crisis observed in sickle cell disease. Thanks to current management of this disease, such as Hydrea® which increased protective fetal haemoglobin level and painkillers, life expectancy has increase from 5 years to adulthood confronting medical professionals to a new challenge: the follow-up of high risk pregnancies. Indeed, pregnancy increases the risk of drepanocytic complications and conversely, sickle cell disease increases the risk of obstetrics complications such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia which are also risk factors for fetomaternal hemorrhage. These bleedings correspond to a passage of fetal blood into maternal circulation. Besides immediate fetal anaemia in case of massive hemorrhage, the main risk in case of rhesus incompatibility is fetomaternal allo-immunization which can lead to the hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. However this immunization can be prevented by the administration of a sufficient dosis of Rhogam®. In Europe and United-States prophylactic Rhogam® is administered at the end of the pregnancy sometimes followed by a second dosis after delivery, but one to three women on 1000 will still product antibodies because the prevention intervened too late or because dosis was not sufficient. Furthermore, some countries in the world don’t practice this prophylaxy: a test allowing the diagnosis and the quantification of these bleedings is thus necessary to give an appropriate dose of Rhogam® as fast as possible. Nowadays the gold standard is the Kleihauer-Betke test, but it is unusable of the pregnant women suffers from sickle cell disease: indeed this test relies on the highlighting of fetal haemoglobin but women with sickle cell disease have a high level of fetal haemoglobin, thus another test allowing to make the difference between fetal and maternal red blood cells is necessary. Flow cytometry, by immunostaining of antigen D present on the surface of red blood cells, is a more adapted alternative but is difficult to implement in routine because of its cost and logistic constraints. Other immunofluorescence techniques such as fluorescence microscopy or the extended used o fa haematology analyser, if this analyser features a flow cytometer type measurement system, seem to be the best alternatives. Indeed they combine the speed and the sensibility of the Kleihauer-Betke test with the accuracy and the specificity of flow cytometry, but they are less expensive and more usable in routine than flow cytometry. La drépanocytose est une hémoglobinopathie qui s’est étendue depuis les régions impaludées pour devenir la maladie génétique la plus fréquente en Europe. Une mutation du gène codant la chaîne beta de l’hémoglobine entraine la synthèse d’une hémoglobine S qui polymérise en fibres cristallines intracellulaires lorsqu’elle est désoxygénée : les drépanocytes rigides et peu déformables sont responsables de l’anémie hémolytique et des phénomènes de vaso-occlusion observés dans la drépanocytose. La prise en charge thérapeutique actuelle, reposant sur l’Hydrea® qui augmente le taux d’hémoglobine fœtale pour prévenir la polymérisation de l’hémoglobine S et sur le traitement symptomatique de la douleur, a permis d’augmenter l’espérance de vie des patients de 5 ans à l’âge adulte confrontant le personnel soignant à un nouveau défi : assurer le suivi médical de grossesses à haut risque. En effet, la grossesse augmente le risque de complications drépanocytaires et inversement, la drépanocytose augmente le risque de complications obstétriques telles que la pré-éclampsie ou l’éclampsie or ces complications obstétriques sont également des facteurs de risque favorisant la survenue d’hémorragies foeto-maternelles. Outre l’anémie fœtale pouvant survenir immédiatement si la quantité de sang fœtale perdue est importante, le principal risque en cas d’incompatibilité de rhésus entre la mère et l’enfant est une alloimmunistaion maternelle pouvant conduire à la maladie hémolytique du fœtus et du nouveau-né. Cette alloimmunisation peut toutefois être prévenue par l’administration d’une dose suffisante de Rhogam®. En Europe et aux Etats-Unis cette prophylaxie est administrée à la fin de la grossesse, suivie éventuellement d’une seconde dose après l’accouchement toutefois on estime qu’une à trois femmes sur 1000 s’immuniseront tout de même soit parce que la prophylaxie est intervenue trop tard, soit parce la dose administrée n’était pas suffisante. De plus tous les payse du monde ne pratiquent pas cette prophylaxie, d’où la nécessité de pouvoir diagnostiquer et quantifier ces hémorragies afin d’administrer une dose appropriée de Rhogam® le plus rapidement possible. Actuellement le test de référence est le test de Kleihaueur-Betke, mais il est inutilisable chez les femmes drépanocytaires car il repose sur la mise en évidence de l’hémoglobine fœtale, or ces femmes présentent un taux élevé d’hémoglobine fœtale : un autre test permettant de faire la différence entre des globules rouges fœtaux et maternels est donc nécessaire. La cytométrie en flux, grâce au marquage par immunofluorescence des antigènes D présents sur les hématies fœtales, est une alternative plus adaptée mais difficile à mettre en œuvre en routine en raison de son coût et de ses contraintes logistiques. D’autres méthodes d’immunofluorescence comme la microscopie à fluorescence ou l’extension de l’utilisation de l’analyseur cellulaire déjà présent au laboratoire d’hématologie, pour peu qu’il dispose d’un mode « cytomètre de flux », semblant être de meilleurs alternatives, car elles combinent la rapidité et la sensibilité du test de Kleihauer-Betke à l’exactitude et à la spécificité de la cytométrie en flux, en étant moins coûteuse et utilisable en routine.
Anemia, Sickle Cell --- Rh Isoimmunization --- Fetomaternal Transfusion --- RH-HR Blood-Group System
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This book is a wide-ranging guide to the diagnosis and management of the numerous medical and surgical complications that may arise in patients with sickle cell anemia. After introductory chapters on the genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features, and variants of sickle cell anemia, the complications observed in different parts of the body are addressed in a series of well-illustrated chapters. The coverage includes splenic, hepatobiliary, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, ophthalmological, cardio- and cerebrovascular, and renal complications, as well as acute chest syndrome, leg ulcers, hand and foot syndrome, acute appendicitis, and priapism. Treatment-oriented chapters consider perioperative management, blood transfusion therapy, hydroxyurea treatment, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and emerging strategies. The book is clearly written in a distinctive bullet point format for ease of reference and emphasizes especially aspects of practical significance. It will be of value for hematologists, general surgeons, internists, pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, fellows, residents, medical students, and nurses.
Anemia, Sickle Cell --- History, 20th Century --- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Hemoglobinopathies --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn --- History --- Hematologic Diseases --- Anemia, Hemolytic --- Anemia --- Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities --- Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases --- Humanities --- Diseases --- Pathology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Sickle cell anemia --- Complications. --- Drepanocytic anemia --- Meniscocytosis --- Sickle cell disease --- Blood hyperviscosity syndrome --- Hemoglobinopathy --- Hemolytic anemia --- Hematology. --- Surgery. --- Biochemistry. --- Pediatric Surgery. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Surgery, Primitive --- Haematology --- Internal medicine --- Blood --- Composition --- Pediatric surgery. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Pediatric surgery --- Surgery, Pediatric --- Children --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Treatment
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Although sickle cell anemia was the first molecular disease to be identified, its complex and fascinating pathophysiology is still not fully understood. A single mutation in the beta-globin gene incurs numerous molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to the plethora of symptoms associated with the disease. Our knowledge regarding sickle cell disease mechanisms, while still not complete, has broadened considerably over the last decades. Sickle Cell Anemia: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice aims to provide an update on our current understanding of the disease’s pathophysiology and use this information as a basis to discuss its manifestations in childhood and adulthood. Current therapies and prospects for the development of new approaches for the management of the disease are also covered.
Pathology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Sickle cell anemia. --- Drepanocytic anemia --- Meniscocytosis --- Sickle cell disease --- Blood hyperviscosity syndrome --- Hemoglobinopathy --- Hemolytic anemia --- Hematology. --- Internal medicine. --- Biochemistry. --- Medicine. --- Internal Medicine. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Physicians --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medicine, Internal --- Haematology --- Internal medicine --- Blood --- Composition --- Diseases --- Health Workforce --- Medical biochemistry. --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry
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